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Ethics notes from WGU mindsedge

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Question
Answer
Ethics   The study of the moral values and conduct of an individual, group, or culture.  
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Morality   The right or wrong of an action, decision, or way of living  
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Socratic philosophy   The belief that knowledge is virtue and morality is the matter of true knowledge.  
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The Forms   The essences of various objects or things (in Platonic thought)  
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The Golden Mean   The desirable middle ethical course between two extremes  
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Philosopher Kings   The hypothetical rulers of Plato's ideal city-state  
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Stoicism   A school of philosophy that advocates control of ones passions and acceptance of one's destiny  
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Epicureanism   A school of philosophy that sees achieving pleasure and peace of mind as the greatest good  
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Skepticism   A school of philosophy that questions the certainty of human and calls for continued inquiry after truth  
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Virtue Ethics   An ethical approach that stresses moral character in contrast to moral actions  
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Hammurabi's Codes   One of the earliest legal codes, established by the king of Babylonia, offering guidelines for conduct and listing crimes and their various punishments  
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Book of the Dead   An Egyptian text that described the proper conduct needed for a happy afterlife  
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This text includes an ethical and theological framework for life, including the Ten Commandments.   The Torah  
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The Sophists argued for a philosophy based on   self-interest  
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Aristotle's ethics were founded on the   Golden Mean  
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Aristotle's list of virtues:   includes Plato's four main virtues of Courage, Justice, Temperance and Wisdom  
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Self-control and fortitude are a way of mastering destructive emotions, according to the ___________.   Stoics  
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Natural law theory maintains that:   The world is inherently rational and there is a natural order to things.  
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One problem with Divine Command Theory is that:   because it is arbitrary, it could allow for abhorrent commands  
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Monotheistic religions believe in   one God  
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The Catholic church relies on _____________ for standards of behavior:   canon law  
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Eastern religions differ from Western religions because:   there often is no overseeing organized hierarchy  
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Some religious people regard abortion as immoral largely because:   they believe it violates God's commandment against killing  
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The Confucian guide to proper human behavior is called:   the Five Great Relationships  
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The most sacred holy text for Islam is   The Qur'an  
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The belief of many Eastern religions that our soul lives multiple lifetimes, being reborn after death, is called:   reincarnation  
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Buddhism and Jainism share the belief that:   there is no God  
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One of the world's oldest religions is   Hinduism  
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Some religious groups see economic inequality as immoral because:   it runs counter to the Golden Rule and the divine notion of universal brotherhood and justice  
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Divine Command Theory:   is the idea that morality is whatever God (or the gods) command.  
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Three parts of the Theory of Natural Law   Everything in nature exists for a reason, How things are and how they ought to be, Acceptance of reason as God-Given and part of the Natural Law  
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The Divine Command Theory   A system where God's will becomes the foundation of morality  
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Natural Law   A system based on universal laws and principles found in the natural order from which the norms of all human behavior must be derived.  
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Five Great Relationships   A Confusian guide to proper human behavior  
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Mahayana Sutras   Buddhist sacred writings  
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Reincarnation   The belief of many Eastern religions that our soul lives mulitple lifetimes, being reborn after death  
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Qur'an   Islamic sacred writing  
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Five Pillars   Islamic guide to proper human behavior  
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Halakhah   Rabbinic religious law  
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Sharia   Islamic religious law  
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Monotheism   Religions that believe in one God  
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The Ten Commandments   Divine moral imperatives given to the prophet Moses  
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Under Social Contract Theory, rulers serve:   by the consent of the governed  
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Social Contract Theory is based on:   the idea of reciprocity (Thomas Hobbs)  
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Empiricism   is a philosophical doctrine that says all knowledge is derived from our senses.(John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume)  
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Utilitarianism   Utilitarianism is the ethical theory constructed around the reasoning that the greatest good for the greatest number is the only criterion for creating morality. (Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill)  
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Bentham's Hedonic Calculus   tried to establish utilitarian standards  
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That metaphysical speculation held no validity was a position held by:   Auguste Comte, founder of the theory of positivism  
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Social Contract Theory   A philosophical approach that establishes government a society's moral code by consent  
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