Ch.'s 7,8,10
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| oral tradition | legends and history passed by word of mouth from one generation to another
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| matrilineal | societies that traced their descent through their mothers rather than their fathers.
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| ghana | a word used to describe a king in West Africa
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| mosque | muslim house of worship
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| Timbuktu | an important center of Muslim art and culture and education
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| Mansa Musa | Mali's greatest King that ruled from AD 1312 - AD 1332. He is well known for his pilgrimmage to Mecca and the amount of people and gold he brought with him.
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| Askia Muhammad | Helped the kingdom of Songhai reach its peak. He divided Songhai into provinces, each with a governor, tax collector, a court of judges and a trade inspector. Helped make Timbuktu a center of learning.
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| monopoly | sole control or ownership of a particular business or industry.
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| rajah | Each Aryan tribe was lead by this "chief"
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| epic | long poem celebrating heroes or heroic action.
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| varnas | a social system based on four main classes. There was no social mobility.
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| jati | occupations that were divided among the varnas in India.
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| dharma | the duties and obligations of your caste.
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| reincarnation | rebirth of the soul, or the cycle of birth and rebirth.
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| karma | helps to determine the cycle of rebirth. How a person lives their life will determine what form they will take in their next life.
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| nirvana | the state of wanting nothing. The ultimate goal of Buddhism.
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| stupa | large stone mounds over the bones of Buddhist holy people
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| Chandragupta Maurya | created the Mauryan Empire in 321 BC.
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| Asoka | Chandragupta's grandson, adopted Buddhism following a bloody battle with the Kalinga people converted to Buddhism. Created a code of laws known as Rock edicts which encourage tolerance.
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| arabic numerals | Developed by Gupta mathematicians to represent numbers 1 to 9 as well as the concept of 0.
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| clergy | church officials such as priests and bishops
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| laity | church members that were not clergy but intensly interested in religious matters
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| icons | religious images worshipped by Christians
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| iconoclasts | people that supported King Leo III removing religious symbols from the church. They were also known as "image breakers"
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| schism | refers to the seperation of the Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
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| theology | religious teachings
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| regents | a person that rules in the place of a king
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| mosaic | pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster
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| illuminated manuscript | books decorated with elaboarate designs, beautiful lettering, and miniature paintings. These paintings depicted religious themes and Byzantine daily life
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| monastery | religious communities where monks sought to develop a spiritual way of life away from the temptaions of the world.
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| steppe | immense plains in Europe and Asia
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| principality | territories ruled by princes
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| boyars | councils of wealthy merchants and landed nobles.
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| czar | Russian title for "ceasar" taken by Ivan III, it was previously used by Roman and Byzantine emperors.
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