APES Geology & Soil
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| Mount St. Helens taught reporters what | Succession can occur quickly (10 yrs)
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| Slowest cycle on Earth | Rock cycle
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| Rock that fors from magma wellig up from upper mantle, cooling, and hardening into rock | Igneous Rock
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| Forms when preexisting rocks are weathered, eroded, transported, and deposited then compacted | Sedimentary
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| Most popular type of rock | Sedimentary
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| Mechanical weathering | Major type
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| Chemical weathering | Rock decomposed by chemical reactons resulting in products chemically different from the original material, most rapidly in tropics (higher temp & precipitation)
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| Ligimite & bituminous coal are which type of rock | Sedimentary
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| Metamorphic | Preexisting rock is subjected to high temps, high pressures, chemically active fluids—pressure & heat squish rocks together
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| Soil | Complex mixture of eroded rock, minerals, decaying organic matter, water, air, and billions of living organisms
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| What type of biomes have best soil and are converted into farmland | Grasslands & cleared deciduous forests
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| Horizon | Horizontal layer in coil
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| Soil Profile | All the horizons
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| O Horizon | Top layer
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| O Horizon has the ______ | Leaf litter (decaying leaves, waste, fungi, etc.)
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| A Horizon’s nickname | Topsoil layer
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| A Horizon contains ___ | Humus—mixture of inorganic & organic material
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| Why is surface litter important | 1)habitat, 2) ground cover (“nature’s blanket”), 3) Provides a dark, moist area for seeds to germinate, 4) maintains soil’s moisture, 5) Contributes to production of humus, 6) reduces soil erosion
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| Why is humus important | 1)helps topsoil hold water, 2) prevents sol compaction, 3) improves soil aeration (O2), 4) improves soil porosity, 5) Stabilizes pH in soil*
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| In which horizon do most roots & micro-organisms reside in | A Horizon,
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| What’s the average of topsoil worldwide | 6-8 inches
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| What does a dark vs. light color mean for soil | High vs. low nitrogen/organic nutrients/organic matter (dark is better)
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| B Horizon contains most of soil’s ______ | Mineral matter—mixture of sand, silt, clay & gravel
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| C Horizon arose from ___ | Bedrock weathered to give rise to parents material
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| C Horizon’s nickname | Parent rock
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| Soil texture | Amount of different sizes and types of minerals
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| What most directly determines porosity | Soil texture
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| Clay | Smallest particles, good water holding capacity,
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| Silt | Transported by rivers, 2nd smallest, lots of nutrients
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| Sand | 3rd smallest, good infiltration & aeration
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| Gravel | Largest, bunch of different rocks
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| Way to remember soil sizes | Carly’s silicone sags greatly
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| Loams | Equal amounts of sand, silt, humus, and clay; good for crops
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| Soil Structure | How soil is organize & clumped together
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| Soil porosity | Measure of volume of pores/spaves in soil
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| Soil Permeability | Rate at which water moves thru soil
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| Infiltration | Downward movement of water through soil
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| Leaching | As water moves down, it carries nutrients to lower layers
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| Acidic soil pH range | Below 5.5
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| Add what to acidic soil | Lime
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| Basic is the same as _____ | Alkaline
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| Add what to basic soil | Sulfur & water (H2SO4)
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| Basic soil pH | Above 7.5
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| What acidifies soils | Burning fossil fuels causes acid rain, H ions replace other cations in soil like K, Ca, Mg, NH4-, so soils become infertile
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| The core is made of ___ | Iron
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| Outermost part of mantle is/isn’t partially melted rock | IS NOT
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| Most nonrenewable resources are found where | Crust
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| Athenosphere | Plastic region in mantle
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| T/F: Plate tectonics are composed of crust & core | F
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| What causes an earthquake | Creation of fault (fracture in rock) or shifting along an existing fault
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| Soil Erosion | Movement of soul from one place to another
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| How long does it take soil be made per inch | 1 inch/200-1000 yrs
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| Major erosion agent | Flowing water
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| Sheet Erosion | Surface water moves down a slope in a wide flow & peels off uniform sheets of layers in soil
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| Rill Erosion | Surface water moves quickly and forms small channels in soil
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| Gully Erosion | Small rills join together to make gullies of ditches
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| Wind does/doesn’t cause erosion | Does
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| What does man do to erode soil | Construction, overgrazing, logging, farming, off wheel four-wheeling
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| Turbidity | Number of suspended solids in water…MAJOR form of pollution*
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| Is soil a potentially renewable resource | Yes
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| What caused the US to set up Soil Conservation Service (SCS) | 1935 Erosion Act
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| Leeching is a big problem where | Tropical rainforests
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| Desertification | Production of land falls 10% or more
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| Moderate vs. Servere Desertification | 10-25% vs. 25-50%
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| Overgrazing, deforestation w/o reforestation, surface mining w/o reclamation, bad irrigation techniques, salinization, waterlogging leave topsoil vulnerable to ____ | Erosion
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| Salinization | Irrigation water evaporates and eaves dissolved minerals (salts) that build up and make soil TOXIC
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| Waterlogging | Increased water in soil from irrigation causing water table to rise
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| Conservation tillage Farming | Minimum soil disturbed
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| Terracing | Steep slopes get terraced, retains water, prevents erosion
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| Contour farming | Plating crops in rows at 90 degree angles across the slope of the land
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| Strip Cropping | Alternate rows of crops (corn, legumes, corn, legumes, etc)
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| Alley Cropping’s synonym | Argo forestry
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| Argo forestry | Crop, trees, crop, trees
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| Gully reclamation | Reseed, dam up, and fill with silt, plant, and redidect water
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| Windbreaks/Shelterbelts | Rows of trees that break up winds on plains
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| PAM | Polyacrylamide—binds soil to clay to prevent erosion, con: labor-intensive
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| Organic fertilizer’s drawback | Labor-intensive
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| Types of organic fertilizer | Animal manure, green manure, compost, crp rotation
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| Compost | Alternate layers of green & brown waste, worms speed process
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| Animal Manure | Animal shtt, spreads diseases, labor intensive,
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| Green Manure | Taking remaining stalks & waste and letting it rot in the soil to increase humus for next crop
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| Crop rotation | Different crops in different spots in different years—increase fertility, reduce erosion, reduce pests. Con: unpleasant odor
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| Inorganic Fetilizer | NPK
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| Fertilizer bag with numbers 10-12-15 at top, what do they mean | 10% nitrogen, 12% phosphate, 15% potash
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| Advantages f inorganic fertilizer | Easily stored, transported, applied, more economical, increase crop yield/productivity
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| Prevention of soil erosion | Landscape areas with natural vegetation, compost bins, use paved walkways/provided trails
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| Disadvantages of Inorganic fertilizer? | Doesn’t add humus (allows for soil compaction, decreased water holding capacity, lower O2), large amounts of E to produce, release greenhouse gas N20 (Nitrous Oxide), causes water pollution-cultural eutrophication
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