HEARING, VESTIBULAR, TASTE & SMELL
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| AMPLITUDE | The distance of particle movement in a defined period of time, usually measured as dynes per square centimeter.
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| AMPULLA | An enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system.
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| AMUSIA | A disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately.
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| ANOSMIA | The inability to smell.
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| AUDITORY BRAIN IMPLANT ABI | A type of auditory prosthesis in which implanted microphones directly stimulate the auditory nuclei of the brainstem rather than the cochlea.
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| BASILAR MEMBRANE | A membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction.
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| BINAURAL | Pertaining to two ears.
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| CENTRAL DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is related to lesions in auditory pathways or centers, including sites in the brainstem, thalamus, or cortex.
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| CILIUM | A hairlike extension
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| CIRCUMVALLATE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the back, that contain taste receptors.
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| CHOCLEA | A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing.
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| COCHLEAR AMPLIFIER | The mechanism by which the cochlea is physically distorted by outer hair cells in order to “tune” the cochlea to be particularly sensitive to some frequencies more than others.
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| COCHLEAR IMPLANT | An electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes.
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| COCHLEAR NUCLEI | Brainstem nuclei that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary complex.
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| COINCIDENCE DETECTOR | A device that senses the co-occurence of two events.
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| CONDUCTIN DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is associated with pathology of the external-ear or middle-ear cavities.
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| CORTICAL DEAFNESS | A hearing impairment that is caused by a fault or defect in the cortex.
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| CUPULA | A small gelatinous column that forms part of the lateral-line system of aquatic animals and also occurs within the vestibular system of mammals.
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| DECIBEL dB | A measure of sound intensity.
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| DENDRITIC KNOB | A portion of olfactory receptor cells present in the olfactory epithelium.
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| DUPLEX THEORY | A theory of pitch perception that combines place theory and volley theory.
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| EXTERNAL EAR | The part of the ear that we readily see (the pinna) and the canal that leads to the eardrum.
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| FOLIATE PAPILLAE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located along the sides, that contain taste receptors.
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| FOURIER ANALYSIS | The analysis of a complex pattern into the sum of sine waves.
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| FREQUENCY | The number of cycles per second in a sound wave; measured in hertz (Hz).
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| FUNDAMENTAL | The predominant frequency of an auditory tone or a visual scene.
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| FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE | One of three types of small structures on the tongue, located in the front, that contain taste receptors.
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| GLOMERULUS | A complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells.
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| GUSTATORY SYSTEM | The taste system.
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| HAIR CELL | One of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea.
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| HARMONICS | Multiples of a particular frequency called the fundamental.
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| HERTZ Hz | Cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus.
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| INCUS | Latin for anvil. A middle-ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes.
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| INFERIOR COLLICULI | Paired structures on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, caudal to the superior colliculi, that receive auditory information.
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| INFRASOUND | Very low frequency sound; in general, below the threshold for human hearing, at about 20 Hz.
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| INNER EAR | The cochlea and vestibular apparatus.
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| INNER HAIR CELL (IHC) | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea.
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| INTENSITY DIFFERENCES | Perceived differences in loudness between the two ears, which can be used to localize a sound source.
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| LABLED LINES | The concept that each nerve input to the brain reports only a particular type of information.
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| LATENCY DIFFERENCES | Differences between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which can be employed by the nervous system to localize sound sources.
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| LATERAL-LINE SYSTEM | A sensory system, found in many kinds of fishes and some amphibians, that informs the animal of water motion in relation to the body surface.
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| LOUDNESS | The subjective experience of the pressure level of a sound.
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| MALLEUS | Latin for hammer. A middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane.
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| MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEI | Nuclei in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculus and send output to the auditory cortex.
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| MIDDLE EAR | The cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea.
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| MINIMAL DISCRIMINABLE FREQUENCY DIFFERENCE | The smallest change in frequency that can be detected reliably between two tones.
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| MITRAL CELL | A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain.
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| MITRAL CELL | A type of cell in the olfactory bulb that conducts smell information from the glomeruli to the rest of the brain.
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| MONAURAL | Pertaining to one ear.
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| MOTION SICKNESS | The experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in a car or boat.
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| OLFACTORY BULB | An anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell.
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| OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM | A sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities.
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| ORGAN OF CORTI | A structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve.
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| OSSICLES | Three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit sound across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
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| OTOACOUSTIC EMISSION | A sound produced by the cochlea itself, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental noise.
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| otolith | A small bony crystal on the gelatinous membrane in the vestibular system.
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| ototoxic | Toxic to the ears, especially the middle or inner ear.
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| outer hair cell (OHC) | One of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea.
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| oval window | The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear.
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| papilla | A small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue. Papillae contain most of the taste receptor cells.
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| pattern coding | Coding of information in sensory systems based on the temporal pattern of action potentials.
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| pheromone | A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species.
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| pinna | The external part of the ear.
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| pitch | A dimension of auditory experience in which sounds vary from low to high.
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| place theory | A theory of frequency discrimination stating that pitch perception depends on the place of maximal displacement of the basilar membrane produced by a sound.
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| polymodal or multisensory | Involving several sensory modalities.
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| pure tone | A tone with a single frequency of vibration.
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| round window | A membrane separating the cochlear duct from the middle-ear cavity.
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| saccule | A small, fluid-filled sac under the utricle in the vestibular system that responds to static positions of the head.
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