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| Canine filariasis Dirofilaria immitis |
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| Dog Heartworm Canine Heartworm |
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| Is heartworm zoonotic | Yes
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| Definitive hosts for heartworm | Dogs, cats, foxes and wolves (also sea lions, seals, bears and ferrets)
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| What are the incidental findings of heartworm | Calcified lesions in skin and/or lungs
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| What are the clinical signs of heartworm | Fever, cough, chest pain and eosinophilia
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| Are cats good hosts for Dirofilaria | No, infection prevalence is <10% of unprotected dogs in any area
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| What shape tails do adult male Dirofilaria have | Coiled, 15-20CM
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| What shape tails do adult female Dirofilaria have | Straight - 25-30CM
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| What colour are adult heartworms | White
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| Where do adult heartworms reside | In the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle
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| True or False - female Dirofilaria are larviporous/viviparous | TRUE
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| What are the pre-larvae called in Dirofilaria | Microfilaria
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| Where do microfilariae circulate | In the blood
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| Where do microfilariae develop (L1-L3) | In malphigian tubules of mosquitoes
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| Where are the MF deposited from mosquito mouthparts | Next to the feeding site
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| How long to L3's have to make it into the site of feeding | 3-5 minutes
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| Where do MF molt to L4 larvae | In the SQ tissues
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| How long does the molt from L3 to L4 take | 304 days
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| How long do juvenile worms migrate for (L4/L5) | 2-3 months
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| Where does L5 migrate to | The heart
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| How long does L5 to adult maturation take | 3 months
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| When do mosquitoes feed more | In the evening
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| How long can IH mosquitoes survive for | 600 days, overwinter in burrows
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| Can transplacental transmission take place in heartworms | Yes
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| What is the prepatent period of heartworm | 6 months
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| How long is the patent period of heartworm | 5-6 years
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| How long can circulating MF survive in the host | Up to 2 years
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| At what temperature does development of Dirofilaria cease to happen | Under 57oC
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| Is transmission seasonal | Yes, summer months more prevalent
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| Where do mosquito IH for Dirofilaria overwinter | Rodent burrows
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| What two behavioural activities can influence transmission of Heartworm | Closeness to water and being outdoors
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| What five conditions affect occult infections | Abberant migrations, single sex infections, immune mediated removal, drug sterilization and prepatent infections
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| What is the (underestimated) prevalence in canines (USA) | 25% or 9 out 1000 (make sense
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| What are the clinical signs in an early infection of heartworm | No clinical signs
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| What are the clinical signs in a moderate disease infection | Coughing, abnormal lung sounds and exercise intolerance
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| What are the clinical signs in severe disease infections | Dyspnea, hepatomegaly, syncope, ascites + death
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| What do dogs mainly exhibit in heartworm infections | Cardiopulmonary disease signs (soft to deep chest cough, rapid breathing, exercise intolerance, fatigue, inappetence and anemia
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| In very serious cases congestive heart failure may occur, what are the signs | cardiac arrythmias, hemoglobinuria, icterus and edema
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| Are heartworm infections in cats easy to diagnose | No, may be asymptomatic or respiratory signs and death
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| What is the most common clinical sign in hearrtworm infected cats | Respiratory signs
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| What does HARD stand for | Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease
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| What are the outcomes of HARD | Vascular and airway disease, allergic bronchitis due to death of immature worms in respiratory passages
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| What percentage of infections are occult infections in cats | 80% are occult (low circulating antigen, 1-2 worms)
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| Are antigen or antigen tests good for detecting cat infections | No
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| What are the pathology and clinical signs related to | Worm burden and location, duration of infection, age and size of the dog, activity of the dog
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| Obstructive pulmonary arterial disease causes clinical disease - name two | Endarteritis (villous/rugae formation), Thrombus formation (arterial obstruction)
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| What are the sequelae of chronic obstructive disease | Enlargement of pulmonary artery and caudal lobar branches, reverse "D", congestive right heart failure
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| What does thromboembolism look like | Pruned tree in dogs, pulmonary pathology of lungs
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| How does liver damage occur in heartworm infections | From obstructed flow
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| How does kidney damage occur in heart worm infections | Renal capsular inflammation
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| Does interstitial pneumonitis affect both cats and dogs | Yes, interstitial bronchitis + inflammation
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| What is caval syndrome | Obstruction of the tricuspid valve - VERY SERIOUS
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| What is the primary diagnosis for heartworm | Serodiagnosis (ELISA) - based on female antigen detection
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| What are the problems with serodiagnosis (ELISA) as a diagnostic test | Occult infections, false negatives (rare), too few female worms, immature infections, Ag clearance (spleen + kidneys)
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| How do you identify MF in blood (what test) | Modified Knott's Test
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| What signs can be picked up in radiography concerning heartworm | Reverse "D", enlarged, blunt, tortuous pulmonary arteries (good for felids)
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| Which test demonstrates worms in the heart and pulmonary arteries | Echocardiography (ultrasound) - RH enlargement is rare in cats
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| What is the best treatment | Prevention
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| What is the basic strategy for prevention of heartworm | Eliminate adult worms, circulating MF + prevent re-infection
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| Which species is Adulticide not recccommended in and why | Cats - causes thromboembolism and death
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| What is the drug name and trade name for Adulticide | Melarsomine dihydrochloride or Immiticide
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| What are the advantages of immiticide or adulticide | Does not impair liver or kidney function, no sloughing at the injection site, it has high efficacy
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| What is the alternate treatment to adulticide | Surgical removal of adults (not for cats)
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| What is the post treatment support for heartworm | Rest, fluids, corticosteroids if needed
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| How do you cause death of microfilaria (microfilaricide) | NO FDA approved drug - Ivermectin and Milbemycin Oxime
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| What bacteria can be used to detect heartworm, as it has a symbiotic relationship | Wolbachia, in "slow kill" cases
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| What does tetracycline do to adult female worms | Results in infertility in female worms
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| What is used for prevention of infection or re-infection of heartworm | Chemoprophylaxis - marrocyclic lactones (avermectin + milbemycin) + mosquito control with permethrins
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| Why is Dipetalonema reconditum so important as a parasite in dogs | Can be confused with MF of Dirofilaria immitis duringh diagnosis, but it is NON-pathogenic
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| What is the intermediate host for Dipetalonema reconditum | Fleas (Ctenocephalides + Pulex) or the Louse (Heterodoxus spiniger)
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| How long does development take in the IH for Dipetalonema reconditum | 7-14 days
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| How long does development of L3 to adult take in Heartworm Mimic | 2-3 months
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| Where do adult worms reside in dog | SQ + Connective tissues
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| Where do MF circulate in Dipetalonema reconditum | The blood
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| What is the difference between DI and DR in terms of worm number in infections | DI - Numerous/ DR - Only a few
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| Which species is smaller DI or DR | DR - 240-290uM (290-340uM in DR)
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| What is the difference in width between DI and DR | DI - 6-72uM (5-6uM in DR)
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| The difference when stained with alkaline phosphotase between DI + DR | DI - localized in anal/buccal areas/DR - uniform staining of body cavities
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| What will the ELISA test show in Dipetalonema infections | Negative
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| Which criteria are used in Modified Knott's Test preparations | Length + Width
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| What is the family of Thorny Head Worms known as | Acanthocephala (Thorny Head)
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| What are the definitive hosts for Thorny Head Worms | Domestic animals and free ranging laborotory animals (primates, salmon, water-fowl)
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| How do you identify Thorny Head Worms | Retractable spiny proboscis, pink in colour, flat body, NO digestive tract
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| What does the larva develop into in the Thorny head worm | Acanthor
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| What is the IH for the Thorny Head Worm | Arthropods
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| What stage is passed through before becoming encysted infective larva in THW | Acanthella stage (to become cystacanth)
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| What can happen to the cystacanth once developed | Re-encysts in PH or can re-encyst in the DH
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| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | Thorny Head Worm of Small Intestine (Swine)
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| How do pigs aquire Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | When rooting for beetle grubs
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| How long is the cystacanth stage in the beetle | 3 months
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| How long is the PPP of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | 2-3 months
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| What are the clinical signs in pigs with THW infection | Asymptomatic or diarrhea, emaciation, abdominal pain, and peritonitis (2ndary bacterial infections)
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| What are the depth of clinical signs dependant on | Depth of the proboscis in the intestinal wall
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| What is the treatment for THW infections | Ivermectin or benzimidazoles
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