lungworms
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| Location: Trachea, bronchi & bronchioles | PROTOSTRONGYLUS
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| Hosts: Sheep (including bighorn sheep), goats & deer | PROTOSTRONGYLUS
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| L1’s have a pointed tail | PROTOSTRONGYLUS
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| ADULTS LOCATED IN THE LUNG PARENCHYMA | MUELLERIUS
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| HOSTS: SHEEP, GOATS & WILD RUMINANTS | MUELLERIUS
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| LARVAE HAVE A DORSAL SPINE | MUELLERIUS
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| Protostrongylus reported in bighorn sheep | Transplacental transmission
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| Intermediate hosts are snails or slugs | Intermediate hosts are snails or slugs
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| Nodule (adenoma-like) proliferation of the bronchial epithelium has been associated with | MUELLERIUS
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| Meningeal Worm | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Common and non-pathogenic in white-tailed deer | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Abnormal hosts: Any other ruminant (rarely reported in domestic/wild cattle) | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| 1912: first recognized in moose in the north central US (“moose sickness”) | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Adults reside in the subdural space and venous sinuses beneath the meninges of the brain and spinal cord | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| CSF tap (eosinophilia is a more consistent finding in llama & alpaca) | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Elevated total protein, creatine kinase, plasma fibrinogen and RBC’s in the CSF | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Histopathology (larvae in spinal cord) | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| ELISA (white tailed deer, elk and goats) using L3 excretory-secretory antigens | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Larvae will ONLY be found in the feces of white-tailed deer | Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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| Lungworm of Swine | METASTRONGYLUS
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| IH - earthworms | METASTRONGYLUS
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| Adults in bronchi and bronchioles | METASTRONGYLUS
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| Migrating larvae cause verminous pneumonia | METASTRONGYLUS
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| Diagnosis – embryonated, thick-shelled eggs, L1 have blunt tail | METASTRONGYLUS
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| METASTRONGYLUS
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| Life cycle: direct, no IH | Dictyocaulus
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| Adults reside in the trachea, bronchi & bronchioles | Dictyocaulus
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| Pathogenesis – verminous pneumonia | Dictyocaulus
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| Diagnosis – adults at necropsy, eggs/larvae in feces, Baermann technique | Dictyocaulus
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| Control – sanitation, irrigation, pasture rotations, improve nutrition and deworming program | Dictyocaulus
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| Dictyocaulus
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| Unembryonated eggs deposited in the lungs → L1’s develop within the host | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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| L3’s develop in the feces ~ 5-7 days (pointed tail; rarely seen in horses | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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| Patency occurs in donkeys & mules | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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| Arrested larval development in horses & pathogenic in horses | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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| Don’t pasture horses with mules | Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
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| most important lungworm in calves, only nematode that reaches maturity in lungs of cattle | D. viviparus
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| Feces-inhabiting fungus (Pilobulus) disseminates larvae by propelling spores & L3’s - ingested by DH | D. viviparus
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| (in the southeast areas of Europe) | D. filaria
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| (in the northeastern areas of Europe) | D. viviparus
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| Small Animal Lungworms | Filaroides = Oslerus
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| U.S., Europe & Canada | Filaroides = Oslerus
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| L1 (“S” shaped or pointed tail w/kink or bent tail) (PAVE, 2007) | Filaroides = Oslerus
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| L1’s are directly infective to puppies | Filaroides = Oslerus
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| Adults form nodules in the trachea and bronchi of canids (wild & domestic | Filaroides = Oslerus
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| Does not usually cause clinical disease (unless given prednisone & a secondary bacterial infection develops). | F. hirthi
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| Usually a subclinical infection | F. hirthi
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| May cause a focal granulomatous reaction that may resemble drug-induced and neoplastic lesions | F. hirthi
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| Verminous Pneumonia | F. hirthi
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| All 5 molts are completed in the lung tissue of the dog | Filaroides species
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| Auto-infection is common | Filaroides species
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| Severity of disease correlates with the species | F. osleri vs. F. hirthi
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| Ivermectin, fenbendazole | Filaroides species
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| Nodules may reduce in size, but not resolve completely | F. osleri
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| Found in many parts of the world (US, Europe, Australia & Brazil) | Aelurostrongylus
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| Cat Lungworm | Aelurostrongylus
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| Females deposit eggs in “nests” in lung parenchyma | Aelurostrongylus
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| Tail resembles Muellerius with dorsal spine | Aelurostrongylus
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| Cats become infected by eating molluscs or paratenic host (frog or lizard which eat snails/slugs) | Aelurostrongylus
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| small, grayish-white sub-pleural nodules | Aelurostrongylus
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| Coughing, dyspnea, weight loss, bronchopneumonia | Aelurostrongylus
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