pathology
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| retinaneuroepithelium of the iris and ciliary body | neuroectoderm
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| cornea, lens, eyelids | surface ectoderm
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| extraocular musclesvascular endothelium | mesoderm
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| invaginates, forming the lens vesicle | lens placode
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| optic vesicle becomes the | optic cup
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| eventually becomes the lens | lens vesicle
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| become the neural and pigmented layers of the retina | the two layers of the optic cup
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| composed of 5 layers | cornea
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| swelling and painsensitivity to light | conjunctival discharge
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| blindness resulting from | alterations in the cornea, lens, humorsdamage to the retina, optic nerveextraocular lesions on the brain
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| excessive or decreased lacrimationopacity of the cornea or lensexophthalmosendophthalmos | Clinical expressions of disease
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| HistoryPhysical examinationOphthalmoscopic examinationElectroretinographyCultures of lacrimal fluidPostmortem examination | Diagnostic procedures
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| absence of the eye | Anophthalmos
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| presence of a single, central eye | Cyclopia
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| incomplete separation, or early fusion, of paired globes | Synopthalmia
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| abnormally small eyeinherited defect in Collie dogs | Microphthalmia
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| inversion of the eyelids trichiasis | Entropion
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| eversion of the eyelids | Ectropion
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| rubbing of the eyelashes against the eye surface | Trichiasis
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| of veterinary importance | ColobomaCollie eye anomaly
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| failure of complete fusion of the lips of the embryonic choroid fissure | Coloboma
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| outpouching of neurectoderm | scleral ectasia
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| a defect in the form of a gap, notch or fissure of part of the eye as a result of improper development of the optic cup | Coloboma
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| the posterior portions of the eye (optic disc, iris, ciliary body) most often affected | Coloboma
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| inherited in Charolais cattle | Coloboma
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| cavitation of the choroid and scleracavity lined by a thinned retinal layer | Coloboma
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| inheritedautosomal recessiverough and smooth Collies and shetland sheepdogs | Collie eye anomaly
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| improper development of the optic cupabnormal formation of choroid and retinachorioretinal dysplasia or choroidal hypoplasia | Collie eye anomaly
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| abnormal retinal vesselsareas of chorioretinal dysplasia or hypoplasiaectasiaoptic discscleraposterior staphyloma± severe visual impairment | Collie eye anomaly
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| sequelae:retinal degeneration and detachmentintraocular hemorrhage | Collie eye anomaly
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| initially, the iris forms as a solid sheet of mesodermal tissue | pupillary membrane
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| pupillary membrane later on, some of this tissue dissipates >> forming the | pupil
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| delayed or incomplete atrophy of the anterior perilenticular vascular network | Persistent pupillary membrane
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| in dogs, persistent remnants are common up to 6 months of age | Persistent pupillary membrane
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| atrophy is frequently incomplete at birth | Persistent pupillary membrane
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| inherited in:Basenji Chow Chow Pembroke Welsh Corgi | Persistent pupillary membrane
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| short, threadlike protrusions from the area of the minor arterial circle | iris collarette
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| Persistent pupillary membraneclinical significance | obstructed visioncorneal or lens opacity
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| due to dysplasia of corneal endothelium or lens because of contact with the strands | corneal or lens opacity
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| Developmental anomaliesBlepharitisNeoplasms | Diseases of the eyelids
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| partial defect (coloboma) involving the upper eyelid is the | most common
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| abnormal or prolonged fusion or adhesion of the eyelids | Ankyloblepharon
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| Premature eyelid separation | Ankyloblepharon
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| essential to protect the immature cornea from infectious keratitis, dessication, and corneal rupture | Physiologic ankyloblepharon in carnivores
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| persists into the 2nd week of life | Congenital ankyloblepharon in dogs and cats
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| should have their eyes open at birth | ruminants and horses
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| inward rolling of the eyelid margin (inversion or infolding) because of inadequate overall length | Entropion
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| irritation of the cornea by the eyelid skin, cilia, and/or hair | Entropion sequel
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| very common anomaly in purebred dogs | Entropion
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| created by undue laxity of an excessively long eyelid resulting in an outward gaping of the eyelid margin | Ectropion
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| chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis from exposure to debris | Ectropion sequel
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| presence of an ectopic row of cilia originating from the ducts of the Meibomian glandsusually bilateral | Distichiasis
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| corneal irritation | Distichiasis sequel
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| misdirection of the normal cilia | Trichiasis
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| corneal irritation leading to keratitis and even ulceration | Trichiasis sequel
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| abnormally placed cilia within the lamina propria of the conjunctiva | Ectopic cilia
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| their emergence through the palpebral conjunctiva can cause severe corneal irritation | Ectopic cilia sequel
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| FocalDiffuse | Blepharitis
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| Hordeolum (stye)Chalazion | Blepharitis Focal
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| suppurative adenitis of the adnexal glands of Moll or Zeis | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye)External
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| suppurative adenitis of the Meibomian gland | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye)internal
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| persistent inflammation >> sebaceous secretions extend into the adjacent soft tissues >> granulomatous response | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye) sequel
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| DDxadenomafungal granulomalymphoid hyperplasia | Blepharitis Focal Hordeolum (stye)
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| sterile granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland | Blepharitis Focal Chalazion
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| Blepharitis Focal Chalazion DDx | Meibomian gland adenomas
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| Blepharitis Diffuse Types | ulcerative, seborrheic, allergic, actinic, parasitic
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| Blepharitis Diffuse seen in dermatomyositis in | Shetland sheepdogs
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| erythema, crusting, vesiculation, erosiondorsum of the nose, inner aspects of the pinna, perioral and periocular regions | dermatomyositis in Shetland sheepdogs
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| dogs and cats | Nerve sheath tumors
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| cats, horses, cattle | Squamous cell carcinoma
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| cats | Mast cell tumor
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| horses | Sarcoids
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| most common tumor of canine eyelid (80% of all eyelid tumors) | Meibomian gland adenoma
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| exact counterpart of sebaceous adenomas | Meibomian gland adenoma
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| 2nd most common tumor of the canine eyeliduniversally benign | Melanocytoma
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| non-keratinized, stratified squamous epitheliumgoblet cells | normal conjunctiva
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| dogs: St. Bernard, Dalmatianlateral canthus or limbus | Dermoids
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| hereford cattle: autosomal recessive and polygenic trait3rd eyelid, medial canthus, eyelid | Dermoids
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| rare in domestic species | Extension of the conjunctiva over the cornea
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| benign, raised, wedge-shaped growth of the conjunctiva | Pterygium
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| (cattle, horses in western USA and Canada) | Thelazia sp
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| corneal/conjunctival edema | chemosis
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| tenacious, sticky exudate | keratinisation and goblet cell hyperplasia
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| Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitisNodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)Necrotic scleritis | Conjunctivitis types
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| Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis | conjunctival counterpart of the eosinophilic keratitis syndrome
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| seen in cats and horses | Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis
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| ulcerationepithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasiacellular infiltrationlymphocytes, eosinophils | Idiopathic eosinophilic conjunctivitis
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| nodular lesion of the conjunctival lamina propria | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)
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| Collie, Shetland Sheepdog, Cocker Spaniel, Rottweiler, and Labrador Retriever | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)
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| syn.: ocular nodular fasciitis, fibrous histiocytoma, collie granulomasites: lateral limbus, 3rd eyelid | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)
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| nodular accumulation of macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes, plasma cells in the lamina propria; no collagenolysis and not many granulocytes | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)histologically
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| neoplasia, excessive granulation tissue, cysts, foreign body, focal infections, granulomas, uveitis | Nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)DDx
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| idiopathic “immune-mediated” disease in dogs; can be mistaken for NGE | Necrotic scleritis
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| nodular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva or underlying sclera posterior to the limbus | Necrotic scleritis
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| destructive lesion with collagenolysisnumerous eosinophils+ macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes (also seen in NGE) | Necrotic scleritishistologically
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| cattle > horse > dogs and cats | Neoplasms of the conjunctiva
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| cattleSCC is the most frequent | predispositions: actinic irradiation, hypomelanosis, IBR virus infection, genetic (Herefords)
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| horse | predispositions: actinic irradiation, hypomelanosis, IBR virus infection, genetic (Herefords)
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| dog | primary neoplasms are uncommonhemangiomas, viral papillomas, melanoma and histiocytomas do occur
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| cat | Neoplasms of the conjunctiva rare
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| faint loss of transparencycan be seen with oblique illumination | Nebula
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| light gray spotcan be visualized in natural light | Macula
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| any dense white spotindicates moderate to severe corneal disease | Leukoma
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| contamination of ulcers with bacteria or fungi>> suppurative destructive keratomalacia | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”)
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| due to:bystander injury from neutrophilsproteases of bacterial or fungal origin | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”)
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| sequelaedescematocele and corneal perforation | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”)
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| specific example: equine keratomycosis | Suppurative keratomalacia (“melting ulcer”)
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| congenital, developmental anomalies affecting the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva or cornea | Ocular dermoids
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| failure of the fetal ectoderm to undergo complete corneal “metaplasia”portion of the cornea remains as skin | Ocular dermoids
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| commonest in the dogtemporal limbusraised islands of skin with:long, soft hair orflattened plaque-like areas with short stiff hairhairs cause local irritationhair removal is simple and effective | Ocular dermoids
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| an outpouching (ectasia) of the cornea that is lined by uveal tissueembryogenic defectlesionsdark brown or blackperforation is common | Congenital anterior staphyloma
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| due to the entrapment of groups of epithelial cells in the developing cornealesionsopaque whitecystic enlargement may occur | Congenital inclusion cyst
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| small corneasporadic in many breedsespecially the miniature schnauzerheritableassociated with cataract formation | Microcornea
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| Ulcerative Non-ulcerative | Keratitis
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| etiology:trauma (physcial, chemical)dessicationinfection Moraxella bovis in cattle >> "pink eye“most prevalent in summer (↑ fly activity)FHV-1 in cats >> “dendritic” ulcersimmune-mediated1° degeneration of corneal epithelium | Ulcerative keratitis
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