Emerging infectious
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| Emerging infectious disease | completely new disease or an old disease occurring in new places or new people, with new presentations, or is newly resistant to available treatments.
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| Patterns or emergence | 1. altogether new(AIDS) 2. old disease new place(Smallpox) 3. old disease reintroduced(dengue) 4. old disease new population(malaria) 5. increased virulence(influenza) 6. drug resistance(Campylobacter)
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| Altogether new | new to humans, existed in animal population somewhere previously. Ex: legionnaire's disease 1976, HIV 1980s, Marburg/ebola 1960s, hantavirus 1990s, SARS 2000s
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| Re-emerging diseases | resurgent due to shift in environment/behavior, stopping of vaccination.
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| Re-emerging due to stopping vaccination | Diptheria, pertussis, herpes zoster, measles, polio. All are usually held in check by vaccination, people may believe risk of vaccine complications outweigh te risk of the disease
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| Re-emerging due to changes in social/environmental practices | TB: homeless, prison, IV drug users, emergence of HIV. Malaria: discontinued use of DDT
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| Old diseases in new places: new host populations | Plague (europe to asia), smallpox (old world to new), syphilis (new world to old), cholera (world from India), measles (Pacific Islands), Polio (inuit people)
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| Old diseases in new orfices: STI | anal/oral sex allow GI pathogens to make the jump to STDs (giardia lamblia, amoeba, shigella, E. coli)
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| Old bugs with increase virulence | H1N1: 1918 pandemic. H5N1: 1976 Hong Kong. S. aureus exotoxin: US 1980s. Flesh eating strep: US 1990s. E. coli O157:H7: US 1990s
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| Drug resistance | penicillinase + Neisseria gonorrhea, MDR TB, MRSA
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| Heliobacter pylori | first seen in stomach 1875, gastric disease in 1899, showed ulcers could be cured with antibiotics in 1947, first cultured in 1981, 2005 nobel prize for demonstrating its pathogenicity
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| Diseases we are just recognizing as infectious | HPV, XMRV (prostate cancer), Mycoplasma (diabetes mellitus), Chlamydia pneumoniae (atherosclerosis), Toxoplasma gondii (Schizophrenia), Prions (alzheimers/ALS), EBV (MS), CMV (atherosclerosis)
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| NIAID group I newly recognized pathogens in past 2 decades | acanthamebiasis, austrialian bat lyssavirus, atypical babesia, bartonella henselae, erlichiosis, enchepalitazoon cuniculi hellem and bieneusi, H. pylori, Hep C and E, HHV 6 and 8, lyme borreliosis, Parvovirus B19
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| Group II: re-emerging | enterovirus 71, C. difficile, mumps, group A strep, S. aureus
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| Group III agents with bioterrorism potential. Category A | anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fevers
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| Group III: Category B | Q fever, brucellosis, glanders, Psittacosis, ricin toxin, C. perfringens, Staph enterotoxin B, typhus fever
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| Group III category B food/water borne pathogens | E.coli, vibrios, shigella, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter jejuni, yersinia enterolytica, HepA, crypto, giardia, entamoeba histolytica, toxoplasma, microsporidia
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| Group III category B viral encephalitides | WNV, LaCrosse, VEE, WEE, EEE, Japanses encephalitis, Kyasanur forest virus, CA encephalitis
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| Group III category C | emerging infectious disease threats: Nipah virus, hantavirus
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