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Terms & Definitions

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        Help!  

Question
Answer
ACE inhibitor   drug that caused dialation of blood vessels & lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes & congestive heart failure  
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ACE stands for   antiotensin-converting enzymenormally constricts blood vessels  
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acute coronary syndromes   consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina & myocardial infarction  
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anuerysm   local widening/ballooning out of a small area of an artery  
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angina   chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia  
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angiogram   x-ray record of a blood vessel  
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angiography   x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material  
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angioplasty   surgical repair of a blood vessel  
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anoxia   lack of oxygen in body tissue  
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aorta   largest artery in the body  
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aortic stenosis   narrowing of the aorta  
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arrhythmia   without rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat  
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arterial anastomosis   surgical connection between 2 arteries  
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arteriography   xray recording of arteries; contrast is injected  
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ateriosclerosis   hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque  
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artery   largest type of blood vessel  
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artherectomy   removal of plaque (lipds/clots) that accumulate in lining of an artery  
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artheroma   mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery  
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artherosclerosis   form are arteiosclerosis in fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery  
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atrial   pertaining to an atrium  
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atrial fibrillation   electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm  
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atrioventricular block   failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle & ventricles of heart  
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atrioventricular bundle   specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles & transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His  
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atrioventricular node   a small mass of cardiac muscle tissue located in the right atrium near the ventricle  
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atrium   plural for atria  
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atrium   upper chambers of heart  
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auscultation   use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from heart/other organs  
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beta-blocker   drug used to treat high blood pressure & control heart rate  
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brachial artery   artery that carries blood to the arm  
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bradycardia   slow heartrate  
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bruit   an abnormal blowing/swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery/organ  
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bundle of His   atroiventricular bundle  
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calcium channel blocker   drug used to treat chest pain & high blood pressure  
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capillary   smallest blood vessel  
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carbon dioxide   gas released by body cells; carried by veins to heart & then to lungs for exhalation; CO2  
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cardiac arrest   sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart; cardiac death  
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cardiac catheterization   thin, flexible tube guided into heart via vein/artery after contract material introdcued, blood pressure measured & xrays taken to image patterns of blood flow  
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cardiac MRI   images of heart produced with magnetic waves  
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cardiac tamponade   pressure of heart caused by fluid in pericardial space  
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cardiomegaly   enlargement of heart  
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cardiomyopathy   disease of heart muscle  
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cardioversion   treatment for serious arrhythmias using breif discharged of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defribillation  
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claudication   pain, tension & weakness in leg after walking has begun; absence of pain at rest  
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coarctation of the aorta   congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed/stenosed  
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computerized tomography angiography   xray images are combined with CT to produce a 3D pic of the heart & blood vessels  
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congenital heart disease   structural heart defects that appear at birth  
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congestive heart failure   heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood  
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coronary arteries   branches of aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to heart muscle  
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coronary artery bypass grafting   arteries/veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries & bring needed blood supply to myocardium  
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coronary artery disease   ateries that supply blood to heart muscle become clogged & blocked with deposits of fatty material & cholestrol  
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cyanosis   abnormal condition; blueness of skin; caused by decreased oxygen & increased carbon dioxide in blood  
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deep-vein thrombosis   blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg  
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deoxygenated blood   blood that is oxygen-poor  
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diastole   period during which heart relaxes between contractions  
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digital subtraction angiography   video equipment, computer & xray machine produce images of blood vessels before & after injecting contrast material  
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digoxin   drug that increases strength & regularity of heartbeat  
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Doppler ulrtasound   method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow  
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echocardiography   high-energy sound waves are transmitted into chest & images recorded of veins, chambers, surfaces & movement of heart  
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electrocardiogram   record of electricity flowing through heart  
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electrocardiography   process of recording electricity flowing through heart  
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electron beam CT   electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in & around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease  
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embolus   plural for emboli  
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ambolus   clot/other substance that travels to distant location & suddenly blocks a blood vessel  
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endarterectomy   surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery  
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endocarditis   inflammation of the endocardium  
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endocardium   inner lining of heart  
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endothelium   innermost lining of blood vessels  
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extracorporeal circulation   use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from heart & lungs during open heart surgery  
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fibrillation   disturbance of the heart's rhythm in which there are rapid, disorganized, and ineffectual contractions of the atria or ventricles  
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flutter   rapid, but regular, contractions of heart; usually of the atria  
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heart transplantation   donor heart is transferred to a recipient  
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hemorrhoids   swollen, twisted veins in rectal & anal area  
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holter monitoring   compact version of an electrocariograph is worn during 24hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias  
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hypercholesterolemia   high levels of cholestrol in blood  
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hypertension   high blood pressure  
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hypoxia   deficiency of oxygen in body tissues  
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator   small electric device implanted inside chest (near collarbone) to sense arrhythmias & terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm  
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infarction   area of dead tissue  
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interventricular septum   wall between ventricles of heart  
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ischemia   holding back blood to a region of body  
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myocardial ischemia   deprivation of blood to the heart muscle  
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left ventricular assist device (LVAD)   booster pump implanted in abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle  
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LVAD is   a "bridge to transplant" or destination when heart transplantation is impossible  
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lipid test   measurement of cholesterol & trycligerides in a sample of blood  
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lipoprotein electrophoresis   lipoproteins are physically separated in a blood sample  
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lioproteins   combinations of fat & protein  
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HDL & LDL are examples of   lipoproteins  
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HDL   high density lipoprotein  
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LDL   low density lipoprotein  
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mitral stenosis   narrowing of the mitral valve  
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mitral valve   valve between left atrium & left ventricle  
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bicuspid valve   mitral valve  
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mitral valve prolapse   abnormal closure of mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into left atrium during ventricular contraction  
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mitral valvulitis   inflammation of mitral valve  
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murmur   extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of heart  
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myocardial infarction   area of necrotic tissue in heart muscle; heart attack  
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myocardium   muscular layer of heart  
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myxoma   rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in heart muscle  
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nitroglycerin   drug used in treatment of angina (pectoris)  
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dialates coronary arteries so that more blood flow to heart muscle   nitroglycerin  
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normal sinus rhythm   heart rhythm originating in sinoatrial node  
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pacemaker of the heart   normal sinus rhythm  
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occlusion   blockage/closure of a vessel/tube  
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pacemaker   specialized nervous tissue in wall of right atrium  
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begins the heartbeat   pacemaker  
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sinoatrial node   pacemaker oh heart  
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palpitations   uncomfortable sensations in chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats  
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patent ductus arteriosus   small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth  
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percutaneous coronary intervention   catheter with balloon & stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque  
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drugeluting stents release chemicals to keep debris & plaque from recollecting during   precutaneous coronary intervention  
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pericardial friction rub   scaping/grating heart sound heard on auscultation of heart  
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symptomatic of pericarditis   pericardial friction rub  
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pericardiocentesis   surgucal puncture to remove fluid within pericardial space surrounding heart  
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pericarditis   inflammation of pericardium  
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pericardium   double-layered membrane surrounding heart  
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peripheral vascular disease   blockage of blood vessels outside heart  
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cartois artery occlusion in an example of   peripheral vascular disease  
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petechiae   small pinpoint hemorrhages under skin  
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phlebotomy   incision into a vein  
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PET Scan of heart   images show blood flow & myocardial function following uptake of radioactive substances  
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pulmonary artery   blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs  
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pulmonary circulation   flow of blood from heart to the lungs & then back to heart  
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pulmonary valve   valve located between right ventricle & pulmonary arteru  
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pulmonary vein   1 of 2 pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart  
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pulse   beat of heart as felt through the walls of the arteries  
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radiofrequency catheter ablation   radiofrequency deleivered from tip of catheter inserted through blood vessel into heart  
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treatment destroys the tissue causing certain arrhythmia via radiofrequency energy   radiofrequency catheter ablation  
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Raynaud disease   recurrent episodes of pallor & cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by blood vessel spasms  
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rheumatic heart disease   disease of heart caused by rheumatic fever  
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septal defects   small holes present at birth in walls between heart chambers  
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septum   wall/partition  
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plural for septa   septum  
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lies between atria of heart   interatrial sepctum  
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lies between ventricles of heart   interventricular septum  
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serum enzyme test   chemicals measured in blood as evidence of heart attack  
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creatine kinase (CK) is an example of a   serum enzyme test  
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troponin-l (cTnl) is an example of a   serum enzyme test  
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troponon T (cTnT) is an example of a   serum enzyme test  
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sinoatrial node   sensitive nervous tissue in wall of right atrium  
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sphygmomanometer   instrument to measure blood pressure  
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statins   drugs give to lower cholesterol on bloodstream  
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stethoscope   instrument for listening to sounds in chest  
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stress test   used to determine heart's response to physical exertion  
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exercise tolerance test (EET)   stress test  
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systemic circulation   flow of blood from body tissues to heart & from heart back to tissues  
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systole   phase cardiac cycle when heart contracts  
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tachycardia   rapid heartbeat  
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technetium 99m sestamibi scan   uptake of technetium 99m sestamibi in myocardium reveals evidence of myocardial infarction  
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technetium 99m sestamibi   radioactive chemical  
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telemetry   continuous monitoring of patient's heart rhythm in a hospital  
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tetralogy of Fallot   4 separate defects of heart occuring at birth  
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thallium 201 scan   concentraction of thallium 201 is measured in myocardium to show evidence of an infarction  
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infarction as known as   "cold spots"  
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thallium 201   radioactive substance  
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thrill   fine vibration felt on palpating body over a blood vessel that is blocked  
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thrombolysis   destruction of a blood clot  
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thrombolytic therapy   injection of streptokinase & tPA to dissolve clots in bloodstream  
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thrombophlebitis   inflammation of a vein & formation of a clot within the vein  
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thrombotic occlusion   blockage of blood vessel caused by thrombosis/clot formation  
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tricuspid valve   valve located between right atrium & right ventricle  
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valve   structure in a vein/heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in proper direction  
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valvotomy   incision of a valve  
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valvuloplasty   surgical repair of a valve  
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varicose veins   swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in legs  
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vascular   partaining to a blood vessel  
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vasoconstriction   narrowing of a blood vessel  
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vasodilation   widening of a blood vessel  
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vegetations   collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium & valves of heart  
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vegetations occur in conditions such as   endocarditis & rheumatic heart disease  
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vein   thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from body tissues back to heart  
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vena cava   largest vein in body  
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plural for venae cavae   vena cava  
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inferior & superior venae cavae   return blood to heart from body tissues  
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venipuncture   incision of a vein to remove blood  
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venous   pertaining to a vein  
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ventricle   1 of 2 lower chambers of heart  
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venule   small vein  
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saturated fats   animal origin, such as milk, butter, & meats; increase blood cholesterol  
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polyunsaturated fats   vegetable origin such as corn & safflower oil; decrease blood cholesterol  
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creatine kinase   released into bloodstream after injury to heart or skeletal muscles  
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cardiac resynchronization therapy   biventricular pacing  
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ejection fraction   measures amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat  
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cardiovascular system consists of   closed network of blood vessels, and heart, that carry blood throughout the body  
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blood vessels are responible for   transporting nutrients & oxygen to the cells to power the body's functions  
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carry carbon dioxide & waste prodycts to lungs & kidneys to be eliminated   blood vessels  
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heart   cone-shaped organ that is the pump of cardiovascular system  
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lies in the mediastinum of thoracic cavity, between lungs & just behind sternum   heart  
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the heart lies in front of the   esopahgus, aorta, venae cavae & vertebral column  
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apex   blunt point making the lower border of heart, just below the 5th rib  
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base   upper border of heart just below 2nd rib  
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the heart rests on the   diaphragm  
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the heart is rotated to the   left  
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endocardium   inner layer of heart made up of smooth membranous tissue  
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endothelium   smooth membranous tissue on inner layer of heart  
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myocardium   tick middle layer of heart wall  
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endocardium lines the interior of heart and   heart valves  
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myocardium is composed of   cardiac muscle  
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epicardium   outer layer of heart  
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the heart has this many layers   3  
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pericardium consist of a thin sheet of tissue called   serous membrane  
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the outer portion of pericardium is made up of a(n)   fibrous portion  
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visceral pericardium   inner layer  
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parietal pericardium   outer layer  
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this adheres to the heart's surface   visceral pericardium  
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lines the heart's fibrous coat   parietal pericardium  
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space between the visceral and parietal layers of pericardium contains   pericardial fluid  
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pericardial fluid   acts as a lubricant, allowing pericarium's layers to move without friction  
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low pressure containers that collect blood from circulatory system & deliver to ventricles   atria  
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larger & more muscular, pumping blood to the circulatory system   ventricles  
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muscular partition that separates heart into 2 functioning units   septum  
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double-pump   heart  
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interatrial septum   separated atria  
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interventricular septum   separates ventricles  
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right side of heart consists of   right atrium & ventricle  
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left side of the heart consists of   left atrium & ventricle  
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bicuspid & trcuspid valves   mitral valves  
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mitral valves are   atrioventricular valves  
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pulmonary & aortic valves are   semilunar valves  
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during artial heart contraction, cardiac muscle in artial wall contracts, forcing blood through the   atrioventricular valves  
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when the blood is forced through the atrioventricluar valves it   forces blood into the ventricles  
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during ventricular contraction the atrioventricular valves   close  
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blood is forced out of ventricles through semilunar valves and into arteries duuring   ventricular contraction  
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when the heart makes the "lub" sound, the sound is caused by the vibration & abrupt closure of   atrioventricular valves as ventricles contract  
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when the heart makes the "dub" sound, the sound is caused by the closing of the   semilunar valves when ventricles undergo relaxation  
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three major types of blood vessels:   arteries, veins, and capillaries  
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Arteries   carry blood containing oxygen and other nutrients away from the heart to the body's cells  
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large, strong vessels with elastic walls because they need to withstand the force of the blood as it leaves the heart   arteries  
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Smaller arteries   arterioles  
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arterioles   carry blood to the tiniest of the blood vessels  
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capillaries   microscopic blood vessels with walls thin enough to permit the exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood into the tissue fluid surrounding the body's cells  
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allow carbon dioxide and waste materials to pass into the blood from the cells   capillaries  
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the blood is carried to the veins by   venules  
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venules   small veins  
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Because venous return of blood to the heart is less forceful than blood flow through the arteries, their walls are thinner and less elastic   the veins  
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in the veins keep the blood flowing back to the heart   valves  
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receives venous blood from the inferior and superior venae cavae   right atrium  
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once received by the right atrium then flows through the tricuspid valve to the   right ventricle  
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With each contraction, the blood is passed from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve and into the   pulmonary artery  
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only artery through which oxygen-poor blood flows   the pulmonary artery  
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In the lungs, blood travels through the ____ and into the lung ____   arterioles; capillaries  
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carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen is absorbed in the   lung capillaries  
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oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs through the venules and is carried by the _____ ____ into the left atrium   pulmonary veins  
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are the only veins through which oxygenated blood flows   the pulmonary veins  
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From the left atrium, blood travels through the ____ to the left ____   mitral valve; ventricle  
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As the heart contracts, blood is forced from the left ventricle, through the ____ ____, into the aorta and the ____ circulation   aortic valve; systemic  
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right and left coronary arteries   pair of arteries that branch from the aorta; both coronary arteries have two main branches;  
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right coronary artery and its branches supply the   right atrium, the right ventricle, and a portion of the left ventricle  
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left coronary artery and its branches supply the   left atrium, the left ventricle, and a portion of the right ventricle.  
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carries oxygen-poor blood from right ventricle to lungs   pulmonary artery  
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tricuspid valve connects   right atrium & right ventricle  
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systemic circulation   flow of blood from body's organs to heart & back  
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vessels that carry blood containing oxygen & other nutrients away from heart to the body   arteries  
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blood flows throught the mitral valve to the   lft ventricle  
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high blood pressure   has a powerful effect on the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart  
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cardiac cycle   2 plases: systole & diastole  
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with each cardiac cycle   the atria simultaneously contract, emptying blood into the relaxed ventricles  
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tricuspid & mitral valves stay open during   atrial contraction  
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during atrial contraction   the pulmonary & aortic valves are closed  
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To prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles, the tricuspid and mitral valves are closed during   ventricular systole  
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While the ____ ____, the atria relax and are filled with blood returning from the systemic circulation and from the lungs   ventricles contract  
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force of the blood being ejected from the heart causes a regular expansion and contraction of the arterial walls called   the pulse  
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The most commonly used pulse point is   over the radial artery, just inside the wrist over the thumb  
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A blood pressure measurement is determined by   blood volume, the size and tone of the blood vessel, and the force of the heart's contraction as it ejects blood into the arteries  
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The rhythmic contractions of the heart are caused by the spread of an   electrical impulse across certain cardiac pathways and structures  
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coordinates the muscular contractions that occur during the cardiac cycle   electrical wave  
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generated by a shift in the chemical charge of cardiac cells   electical impulses  
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with one pulsation of your palpatated pulse   all the events in the cardiac cycle and the conduction process have just occurred  
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wave of conduction begins at   the sinoatrial(SA) node  
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the sinoatrial node is located   near vena cava in the right atrial wall  
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after leaving the SA node impulses travel through both atria pausing at   the atrioventricular (AV) node  
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Purkinje fibers   modified cardiac fibers in the subendocardial tissue completion of the conducting system of the heart  
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dysrhythmia   disturbance of rhythm; any deviation from the normal rhythmic pattern of the heartbeat  
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aperture   opening  
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Electrocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and echocardiography all use   high-frequency sound waves to show the structure & movement of the heart  
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