Ch.10:A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
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| Middles Ages | the period in western Europe history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th cent.
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| Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th cent.
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| manorialism | system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land
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| serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within manorial system
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| moldboard | heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middles Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system
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| three-field system | system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring gains, one-third fallow
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| Clovis | early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom
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| Carolingians | royal house of Franks after 8th cent. until their replacement in 10th cent.
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| Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of the Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe
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| Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800
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| Holy Roman emperors | emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th cent.; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany
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| vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from lord in return for their military service and loyalty
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| William the Conqueror | invade England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy
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| Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
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| parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France
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| three estates | the church, nobles, and urban leaders were represented by parilaments
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| Hundred Years' War | conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states
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| Urban II | called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
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| Gregory VII | Pope during the 11th cent. who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled it Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture
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| investiture | practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
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| Peter Abelard | author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine
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| Bernard of Clairvaux | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
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| Thomas Aquinas | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
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| scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems
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| Gothic | an architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls
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| Hanseatic League | an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance
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| guild | sworn associations of people in the same business of trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities
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| Black Death | plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe’s’ population; affected social structure
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