Duke PA pathology
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| What are some arachidonic acid metabolites? | prostaglandins & leukotrienes | ||||
| What do prostaglandins do? | vasoconstrict or vasodilate, involved in pain and fever | ||||
| What do leuktotrienes do? | increase vasular permability, vasoconstrict, leukocyt adhesion & chemotaxis | ||||
| What is platelet activating factor synthesized by? | platelets, leukocytes, endothelium | ||||
| What are some inflammatory effects of platelet activating factor? | stimulates platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction & bronchoconstriction, vasodilation and increased venular permeability | ||||
| What are some more inflammatory effects of platelet activating factor? | increased leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, and oxidative burst, increases synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites | ||||
| Cytokines | proteins produced by many cell types (principally by activated lymphocytes and macrophages) | ||||
| What do cytokines do? | modulate the function of other cell types? | ||||
| What are the major cytokines that mediate inflammation? | Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | ||||
| Chemokines | small proteins that act as chemoattractants for specific types of leukocytes (~40) | ||||
| What do chemokines do? | stimulate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation | ||||
| What else do chemokines do? | contral normal migration of cells through tissues | ||||
| What are examples of chemokines? | IL-8, eotaxin, lymphotactin | ||||
| Neuropeptides | Substance P and neurokinin A | ||||
| Where are neuropeptides produced? | central and peripheral nervous systems | ||||
| Where are substance P nerve fibers prominent? | in lung and GI tract | ||||
| What are neuropeptides mechanisms of action? | vasodilation and increased vascular permeability | ||||
| Neutrophil granules | Cationic proteins increase vascular permeability, immobilze neutrophils, chemotactic for mononuclear phagocytes, and more | ||||
| How are oxygen-derived free radicals produced? | during phagocytosis by neutrophils "respiratory burst" | ||||
| What do oxygen-derived free radicals cause? | tissue damage including endothelium | ||||
| What inflammatory mediators are involved in vasodilation? | prostaglandins & nitric oxide | ||||
| Histamine and serotonin cause what response in inflammation? | increased vascular permeability | ||||
| Complement (C3a, C5a) causes what response in inflammation? | increased vascular permeability | ||||
| Bradykinin and leukotrienes (C4, D4, E4) cause what response in inflammation? | increased vascular permeability | ||||
| PAF, nitric oxide, substance P and oxygen metabolites cause what response in inflammation? | increased vascular permeability | ||||
| Complement (C5a), leukotriene B4, chemokines and nitric oxide cause what response in inflammation? | chemotaxis, leukocyte activation | ||||
| Interleukin-1, TNF, and prostaglandins cause what response in inflammation? | fever | ||||
| Prostaglandins and bradykinin cause what response in inflammation? | pain | ||||
| neutrophil & macrophage lysosomal enzymes, O2 metabolites and nitric oxide cause what response in inflammation? | tissue damage | ||||
| Wound healing | a complex but orderly process involving many chemical mediators and other growth facotrs, as well as cell-matrix interactions | ||||
| Step 1 in wound healing | injury induces acute inflammation | ||||
| Step 2 in wound healing | parenchymal cells regenerate | ||||
| Step 3 in wound healing | both parenchymal and connective tissue cells migrate and proliferate | ||||
| Step 4 in wound healing | extracellular matrix is produced | ||||
| Step 5 in wound healing | parenchyma and connective tissue matrix remodel | ||||
| Step 6 in wound healing | increase in wound strength due to collagen deposition | ||||
| What is the "hallmark of healing"? | granulation tissue | ||||
| "Granulation tissue" term comes from what? | soft, pink, granular appearance when viewed from the surface of a wound | ||||
| Histology of granulation tissue | proliferation of small blood vessels and fibroblasts, tissue often edematous | ||||
| Summary - acute inflmmation | neutrophils are pathognomonic | ||||
| Summary - chronic inflammation | plasma cells are pathognomonic | ||||
| Granulomatous inflammation | epitheliod macrophages are pathognomonic |
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Created by:
ges13
on 2009-10-03