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| bacterial pharyngitis | group a beta strep, most common
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| bacterial pharyngitis symptoms | fever, pain, swollen glands, exudate on tonsils/pharynx. diff swallowing, no cough
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| bacterial pharyngitis collection | swab tonsillar area/posterior pharynx. avoid tongue + other surfaces. get exudate,
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| bacterial pharyngitis diagnosis | culture: blood, sxt. non-culture: rapid enzyme immunoassays, if pos = group A(highly specific) fairly sensitve(follow neg with cultrue)
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| Trench mouth | Vincent's angina. inflamed bleeding gums
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| Trench mouth gram stain | spirochete + fusiforms
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| pharyngitis viral | rhinovirus, adenovirus, RSV, influenza
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| barriers to infection | nasal hair, ciliated mucosal cells, coughing, normal flora, phagocytes
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| uncommon pharyngitis cause | Corynebacterium diptheriae-when no DPT vaccine
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| sinusitis bacteria | S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. pyo. Moraxella catarrhalis(children), S. aureus
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| sinusitis virus | rhinovirus, parainfluenza, influenza
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| sinusitis diagnosis | CT, MRI, culture aspirate of direct sinus puncture(rare), culture secretions(unreliable) treated empirically(symptoms)
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| otitis media pathogens | Strep pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza
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| otitis media complications | damage to tympanic membrane, hearing loss, meningitis(spread to CNS-close proximity)
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| otitis media diagnosis | empirical antibiotic treatment
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| otitis media culture | not usually done, blood, chocolate(H.influenza)
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| Epiglottitis pathogen | Haemophilus influenzae type b
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| epiglottitis | rapid, edema causing airway obstruction
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| epiglottis diagnosis | gram stain-"intracellular very small pleomorphic coccobacillus white cells"
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| epiglottis diagnosis | chocolate agar, capnophile 5-10% CO2
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| pertussis | Bordetella pertussis + parapertussis, "whooping cough"
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| bacterial bronchitis | secondary infection following viral.
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| bacterial bronchitis most common pathogens | Strep pneumoniae, H. influenzae
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| bacterial bronchitis uncommon causes | mycoplasma, chlamydophila, bordetella
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| bronchitis diagnosis | viral cultrues not in uncomplicated cases, 2ndary bact. pneumonia-culture sputum
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| CA pneumonia | 1. RSV(children) 2. Parainfluenza 3. Bacterial
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| CA pneumonia bacteria adults | S. pneumoniae(adults),mycoplasma pneumoniae(young adults) H.influenzae type b,
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| CA pneumonia bacteria neonates | group B strep, Chlamydia trachomatis
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| CA pneumonia bacteria | S aureus, Legionella pneumophila
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| bacterial pneumonia symptoms | rapid onset, chills, fever, productive cough (purulent, blood tinged) high WBC
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| viral pneumonia symptoms | slower onset, less sputum
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| HA pneumonia | Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA
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| HA pneumonia risks | unconscious patients, intuvation of airway, immunosuppressed
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| pneumonia diagnosis | gram stain (WBC + squamous) culture sputum - blood, chocolate, EMB/MacConkey
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| good gram stain | more than 25 polys, less than 10 epis
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| poor gram stain | more than 25 epis, don't culture
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| aspiration pneumonia - at risk | elderly, immumosuppressed, periodontal disease, altered lung defense(smoke, lung disease)
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| Empyema | thick fluid in plerual space, bacterial
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| Chronic pneumonia | TB, NTM, fungal
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| Pneumocystis jiroveci | carinii, LRT infection in immumosuppressed
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| sputum specimen | most common, least relevant, normla flora
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| Thoracentesis | aspirates pleural fluid, excellent=pneumonia
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| bronchial washing | sterile saline instilled into bronchial tree
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| BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage | deeper, diagnosis - pneumocystis, fungi, TB/ snip tissue
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| better specimens | thoracentesis, bronchial washing, BAL - surgery needs to be done, not routine
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