Biotech I History
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What is biotechnology and what is the earliest use of a biotechnology process, still used today, can you identify? | The use of microorganisms to produce chemical compounds or medical products. First use was fermentation of beer the Sumerians back in 1750 B.C.
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What happened in the late 1600s that led to a much better understanding of bacteria? Who was responsible for this discovery? | Anton Von Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria using the microscope
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Who is the person who first “coined” the term biotechnology? | Karl Ereky in 1919
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When was the first large scale production of penicillin achieved and name at least 3 diseases penicillin is used to treat. | 1943 was first large scale production; gonorrhea, strep throat, anthrax, tetnus, staph infections
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What major milestone was achieved in 1953 and who is credited with this milestone? | Watson and Crick reveal the 3D structure of DNA
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What did Marshall Nirenburg work on for 5 years and why is it important to the history of biotechnology? | 1961 – 1966 mRNA studied, discovered UUU is the condon for phenylalanine which led to the discovery of the gentic code and its components
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When was the North Carolina Biotechnology Center created and what was is its purpose? | 1981, first state sponsored initiative to develop biotech industry
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What did Genentech produce in 1978 from E. coli? | Human insulin in 1978. Humulin in 1982 to treat diabetes.
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In 1980 the US Supreme Court ruled on a landmark case Diamond v. Chakrabarty. What was decided by this case? | Approval of principle of patenting genetically engineered life forms
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In what year was the first DNA fingerprinting technique developed? | 1984
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What does PCR stand for? In what year was the method first conceived? In year was the procedure first published? | Polymerase Chain Reaction. 1983 was the first method and 1988 was the first published method
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In 1991 a biotech company, Amgen, developed Neupogen. What was the significance of this discovery? Record the website for later on. | First new class of drugs called colony stimulating factors, used for the treatment of low white blood cells in chemotherapy patients
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What milestone was achieved by Genzyme in 1991? Name the product and the disease it treats. Record the website for use later on. | Ceredase approved. Treatment for Gaucher’s patients. Cerezyme is the recombinant form.
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In what year was the first baboon to human bone marrow transplant performed? What disease did the patient have? | 1995 it was performed on an AIDS patient
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Biogen, located in Cambridge, MA and RTP, NC, produced Avonex. What disease is this a treatment for? | Treatment for Multiple sclerosis
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Dolly came on the biotech scene in 1997. How was she significant? | First cloned sheep from adult cell
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In what year did bio-defense become particularly important to a point where federal funds were approved to support research and development efforts? What specific incidence led to this? | 2001 after 9/11 and Anthrax was sent through the mail.
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What major milestone was completed in April 2003? | National Human Genome Project completed. Full human genome sequence completed
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Bioremediation | use of bacteria to clean up the environment
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Biosensors | use of microelectronics and cellular biology to create new devices; ex. insulin monitor
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Protein Engineering | Abzyme production; making a better and more robust Ab through recombinant engineering
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Bio-processing | using bacteria to mfg. new products; example is fermentation
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Genetic engineering | also called recombinant DNA
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Lipids | Sudan IV is the test, composed of fatty acids
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Proteins | Biuret reagent, violet is positive, composed of amino acids
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Complex sugars | Iodine is the test, black is positive, starches are in this area
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Simple sugars | Carbs, Benedicts reagent, orange is positive reaction
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Nucleic acids | contains genetic information
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