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Essentials of Sociology: A Down To Earth Approach

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Question
Answer
What's sociology?   The scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society.  
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What's society?   A group of people who share a culture and a territory.  
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What are the three elements to using the sociological imagination?   History, biography, and social structure.  
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Who created the sociological imagination?   C. Wright Mills.  
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What's the most important element of the sociological imagination?   History.  
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What are the three things that helped sociology start as an academic discipline?   The Industrial Revolution, the Democratic Revolutions, and the rise of science.  
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What is science?   The process by which knowledge is based on evidence that is gathered by testing and observing the natural world.  
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What's significant about Auguste Comte?   Considered to be the founder of sociology (he coined the term).  
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What makes up the word sociology?   Socius- latin, companion/being with others. Logos- greek, study of.  
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Who's Herbert Spencer?   Second founder of sociology, coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" (corresponded with Darwin), racist, ranked societies by race, didn't think people in poverty deserved help.  
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Who's Karl Marx?   Not a Communist, German, two points to his writing: 1) rich and poor people were the only two kinds of people 2) they are locked in class conflict.  
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Who's Emile Durkheim?   French, use of stats in social research, discovered stat. patterns about religion and suicide, anomie- state of normlessness: most likely to succumb to suicide, we need norms/stability.  
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Who's Max Weber?   German, interact with people, disagreed with Durkheim, Verstehen: to understand, studied bureaucracy and religion.  
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Who's Jane Addams?   U.S., sociology and social work, social activist (used socio. knowledge to help other people), Hull House, 1931 Nobel Peace Award.  
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Who's W.E.B. DuBois?   U.S., first African American to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, racial rights, NAACP: National Association of Advancement of Colored People, wrote The Souls of Black Folks, 1961 left U.S. and migrated to Gana.  
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Who's Harriet Martineau?   First female sociologist, prolific author, primarily given credit for translating Auguste Comte's work from French to English.  
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Who's C. Wright Mills?   Public troubles vs. private issues, sociological imagination, society reason for probs/ just got to look closer.  
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What's macrosociology?   Looks at big picture/large scale elements of society.  
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What's microsociology?   Looks at small stuff. Face to face interaction, small group dynamics = symbolic interactionism.  
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What's empirical?   existing in or relating to the physical world, detect it with 5 senses.  
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What's a variable?   an empirical object that can change value, opposite: constant.  
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What's an independent variable?   a factor that is assumed to be responsible for causing the value of some other factor. THE CAUSE.  
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What's a dependent variable?   THE OUTCOME, caused by independent variable.  
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What's a hypothesis?   a statement of a relationship between independent and dependent variables.  
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What's a theory?   a theory is a set of propositions and statements that explains a particular phenomenom.  
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What's the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?   The hypothesis is more speciic; theory is more broad and general. Theory combines all hypotheses.  
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What's reliability?   consistency, same results from instrument when repeated.  
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What's validity?   the ability of an instrument to measure what it's supposed to.  
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What's quantitative?   refers to info that is numerical in nature.  
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What's qualitive?   not inheritly numerical.  
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What's a survey?   a questionnaire, gathers quan. info.  
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What's participant observation?   qual. info.  
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What's secondary analysis?   either or both (analyze data second time)  
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What's document analysis?   qual. (newspapers, journals..) to support/reject hypotheses.  
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What's unobtrusive measures?   qual. info.  
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What's an experiment?   quan. info.  
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What are ethics?   defined as the rules/standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession.  
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What are the 5 American Sociological Organization code of ethics?   1) professional competence (only do research qualified to do) 2) integrity (honest and truthful) 3) professional and scientific responsibility (open and value-free in research) 4) respect ppl's rights, dignity, and diversity. 5) social responsibility  
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