UCI SOM Moyzis
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| Bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine
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| Nucleosides | adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, thymidine
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| PRPP | activates first step of purine synthesis (the commited step); PRPP synthesis is inhibited by purines
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| Glutamine:phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase | first and commited step of purine synthesis
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| Inosine monophosphate | parent purine nucleotide
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| Are purines formed on their ribose | yes
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| Are pyrimidines formed on their ribose | no
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| Sulfonamides | inhibit bacterial purine synthesis by inhibiting folic acid synthesis, blocking THF formation
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| Methotraxate | inhibit dihydrofolate reduction to THF, blocking purine synthesis in humanstrimethoprim
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| Mycophenolic acid | reversible inhibitor of GMP synthesis; used to prevent graft rejection
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| What two amino acids are used in both purine and pyrimidine synthesis | glutamine and aspartic acid
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| Carbamoyl phosphate | first product in pyrimidine synthesis; it’s production is the regulated step
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| CPS II | carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
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| Orotic acid | intermediate product in pyrimidine synthesis
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| The enzyme that produces orotic acid is found where in the cell | mitochondrial membrane (all other enzymes are cytosolic)
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| What’s special about the first three enzymes in pyrimidine synthesis | different domains on same protein
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| Orotic aciduria | last two enzymes are different domains of single protein and when this protein is deficient, orotate accumulates
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| Ribonucleotide reductase | makes DNA’s from RNA’s
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| When in the cell cycle does ribonucleotide reductase function | S-phase
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| Regulation of ribonucleotide reductase | each dNTP regulates its own synthesis; dATP inhibits all of them
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| 5-fluorouracil | suicide enzyme; inhibits dUMP to dTMP synthase
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| thymidylate synthase | enzyme that converts dUMP to dTMP
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| methotrexate | inhibits the reduction of DHF to THF in dUMP to dTMP conversion
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| where does degredation of dietary nucleic acids occur | small intestine
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| what happens to most dietary purines | converted to uric acid
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| what happens to most dietary pyrimidines | degraded to highly soluble products
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| diseases associated with purine degredation | gout, adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency
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| gout | hyperuricemia, doposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints; gouty arthritis; idiopathic; increased risk with lots of meat, seafood, legumes
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| treatment of gout | anti-inflammatory drugs; allopurinol inhibits urate
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| ADA deficiency | accumulation of adenosine
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| HGPRT | enzyme in purine salvage pathway that is deficient in lesch-nyhan syndrome; uses PRPP
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| Lesch nyhan syndrome | extreme gout; lack of HGPRT enzyme; self mutilation
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| Neurotransmitters | domapine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
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| Epinephrine synthesis pathway | phenylalanine, tyrosine, dopa, dopamine, norepi, epi
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| MAO | inactivates catecholamines by degredation along with COMT
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| COMT | inactivates catecholamines by degredation along with MAO
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| MAO inhibitor | permits neurotransmitter molecules to escape degredation (used for antidepression)
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| Methylphenidate | ritalin; blocks dopamine re-uptake; used to treat ADHD
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| Cocaine | similar actions to methylphenidate
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| Prozac and paxil work by | blocking serotonin transporter
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