renal final
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| major types of renal disease is grouped into 3 | prerenal, postrenal and intrinsic renal disease
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| the use of NSAIDs is an examples of what type of renal disease | prerenal
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| Bilateral renal atery stenosis can be grouped into what type of renal disease | prerenal disease
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| obstruction at some site in the urinary tract partially or completely obstructs the flow of urine | postrenal disease
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| this type of renal disease can cause back pressure | postrenal
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| what are some examples of postrenal diseases | prostatic disease, pelvic or retroperitoneal malignancy, renal r ureteric calculi, congenital abn.
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| what is an examples of instertitial inrtinsic renal disease | drug induced, acute pyelonephritis, chx pyelonephritis, analgesic abuse nephropathy
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| myeloma is a example of prerenal, postrenal, or intrinsic | intrinsic renal disease-tubular
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| examples of vascular-intrinsic renal disease | HTN, systemic vasculitis, thrombotic mircoangiopathy
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| severity of renal dysfx can be determined by | estimation of GFR and creatinine clearance
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| what is the most common type of infection of elderly | UTI
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| pH above _-_ indicates UTI | 7.5-8
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| urea-splitting organism is indicative of | UTI
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| normal pH | 7.5-8
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| nitrite test is usually positive for | UTI
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| what pH indicates metabolic acidosis | <5.3
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| glucose in urinalysis a normal finding | false
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| glucose in the urinalysis is not normally measured and indicates | DM, overwhelming the prox, disease in the prox not reabsorbing glucose
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| what are the two components that make up ketones AKA ___? | acetoacetic acid and acetone= B-hydrbutyric acid
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| nitrate converts to __ in the presence of bacteria | nitrite
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| this is usually indicative of RBC in the urine but doesn't mean there are RBC's present | heme
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| if the dipstick test is positive for heme, what are some examples of what it could be | hemoglobinuria, intravascular hemolysis, myoglobinuria
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| what are the three types of proteinuria | glomerular, tubular, and overflow proteinuria
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| abnormal filtration of LMW proteins is what type of proteinuria | tubular proteinuria
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| this type of proteinuria has abnormal filtration of large proteins and albumin | glomerular
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| prox tubule disease leads to failure to reabsorb...in which proteinuria | tubular proteinuria
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| what do you have to add to detect proteins in the urine dipstick | sulfosalicylic acid
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| normal total proteins | 40-80
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| an albumin level of 30 is normal | false, 20 normal
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| Tamm Horsfall Mucoprotein (THMP) are secreted in the ___ ascending limb and constitiues the matrix of the ____ | thick, renal casts
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| THMP value | 30-50mg/day
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| wt of the urine compared to equal amount of distilled water is known as | specific gravity
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| normal specific gravity | 1.008-1.010
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| specfic gravity and osmolality are the same | false
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| total number of particles per volume of segments is known as urine osmalality | false; per sediment
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| what type of urine sediment are there | casts, red cell casts, white cell, epithelial casts and lipiduria, and crystal
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| phosphate and Ca oscalate are examples of what type of sediment | crystal
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| THMP are example of what type of sediment | casts
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| most common cause of hematuria | extrarenal; kidney stones, trauma, prostatic disease, CA
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| Rhado is an example of what type of protein and how is it treated THMP | IVF dilution, alkalize urine, mannitol (buffer)
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| acute vs. chx is depended upon the __ of the disease | onset
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| T/F most UTI start in the kidneys and migrate down to the bladder | false; start in the bladder and migrate up to the kidneys and ureters
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| you would see this type of urinary findings in ARF, indicative of acute tubular nercosis | renal tubular epithelial cells with granular and epithelial cell casts
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| hyaline casts are not an abnormal finding | true
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| pyuria with WBC and granular casts with no or mild proteinuria, variable hematuria suggest | tublointerstitial disease or obstruction. UTI
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| lipiduria, heavy proteinuria, hematuria with RBC casts | glomerular disease or vasculitis
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| hyponatermia cuases can be distinguished by | urine sodium excretion
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| high urine sodium excretion with hypovolemia with hyponatremia | low urine Na excretion
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| hyponatremia with normal sodium excretion is present it what two types of disease | SIADH; impaired renal tubular fx
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| what two test are used for urine sodium excretion | urine Na concentration and fractional excretion of Na
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| what two settings on the vent can cause decrease u.o. | excessive PPV and TV
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| normal u.o. | 0.5cc/kg
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| global changes of the kidney effect the entire | glomerular tuft
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| diffuse | more than 50% glomeruli
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| focal kidney changes affect | less than 50% glomeruli
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| segmental histologic changes involves | part of the glomerular tuft
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| thickening of the glomerular cappillary wal | membranous
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| increased # of cells in the glomerulus | proliferative
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| membranoproliferative is the presence of | membranous and proliferative changes in the glomeruli
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| accumalation of the cells in the bowmans capsule | crescent
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| inflammation of the glomerular tuft | glomerulonephritis
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| nephrotic or nephretic syndrome do cast form | nephretic
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| there is a decrease in GFR with nephrotic or nephretic | nephretic
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| noninflammatory injury to the glomerular capillary wall occur nephrotic or nephretic | nephrotic
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| this is a form of nephrotic syndrome | amyloidosis
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| diabetic nephropathy occurs with nephrotic or nephretic | nephrotic
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| increase in creatinine in which syndrome | nephretic
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| IgA nephropathy, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and lupus nephritis is ___ syndrome | nephretic
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| this is known as a anit-GBM syndrome | nephretic
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| hyperlipidemia is seen in which syndrome | nephrotic
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| in this syndrome injury to the glomerular epithelial cells is caused from sytokines from mononuclear cells damage | nephrotic syndrome
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| primary focal glomerulosclerosis | nephrotic
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| membranous nephropathy develops from immune complex formation in the subepithelial | nephrotic
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| circulation AB against the GBM, immune complexes form and complement activation in the mesangium, and ciruculating AB directed against neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens | primary mechanisms of nephretic syndrome
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| which layer of the glomerular is negatively charged | capillary endothelial layer, frenestrated capillary
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| glomerular basement membrane is a lipid bilayer | false
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| this layer is tight-junctioned | single layer of epithelial cell (podocytes)
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| made of glycoproteins and proteoglycans | GBM
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| what type of molecules are restricted in the glomerulus | large and anionic (-)
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| large vessel arterides | polyarteritis nodosa
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| small vessel arterides | polyarteritis nodosa and wegener granulomatosis
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| direct injury to the ___ occurs with thrombotic mircoangiopathies | endothelium
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