USCSOM: Pathology: Chronic Inflammation
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| What are the four possible outcomes of acute inflammation? | resolution, abcess formation, scarring, chronic inflammation
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| What is the most common etiology of chronic inflammation? | low-grade, smoldering response without acute inflammation responses
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| What are the stages of chronic inflammation? | infiltration by mononuclear cells, tisue destruction, attempts at healing
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| What is the key cell in chronic granulomatous reaction? | macrophages
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| What are macrophages in the liver called? | Kupffer cells
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| What are macrophages in spleen, LNs, lung called? | alveolar macrophages
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| What is the relationship between T-cells and macrophages? | recipricol relationship; they can continue to stimulate eachother
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| What is the role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation? | B-cell response; antibody response;
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| What stimulates eosinophils in chronic inflammation? | parasitic infection; IgE mediated response; eotaxin
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| What is released from eosinophil granues? | Major basic protein; toxic to paraties and epithelium
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| What do mast cells release? What response do they participate in? | histamine; anaphylaxis
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| What is chronic active inflammation? | neutrophils are found in a chronic inflammation
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| Define granulomatous inflammation. | aggregates of activated macrophages with squamous epithelioid appearance; indigestible substances
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| Characteristics of granulomatous inflammation. | T-cell response to microbes and fungi; cell-mediated responses to insoluble particles
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| What is a granuloma? | focused inflammation; macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells
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| What is the prototype granulomatous infection? | TB
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| What is the characteristic of foreign body granulomas? | material is too large to be phagocytosed; macrophages wall off offending agent as defense
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| What are characteristic of immune granulomas? | induce cell-mediated response; macrophages and t-cells engulf foreign agent
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| What granulomatous disease is caseous necrosis a common finding? | TB
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| What is lymphangitis? | inflammation of lymphatic channels; leukocytes and cell debris
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| What is lymphadenitis? | inflammation of the draining lymph nodes
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| What is bacteremia? | infection overwhelms lymph nodes and enters vasculature; sepsis
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| What is serous inflammation? | outpouring of watery, protein-poor fluid (effusion)
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| What is fibrinous inflammation? | extravascular fibrin accumulates in severe injury with greater vascular permeability
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| What is suppurative or purulent inflammation? | large amounts of pus; pyogenic bacteria;
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| What are abcesses? | focal localized collections of purulent tissue; usually walled by neutrophils/fibroblasts within healthy tissue
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| What is an ulceration? | local defect/excavation produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
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| What are the characteristics of SIRS? | fever, inc leukocytes, dec appetite, altered sleep patterns, acute phase proteins
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| What chemicals cause fever in acute phase response? | cytokines stimulate prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
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| What are acute phase proteins? | plasma proteins from liver; C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A protein
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| What type of infection is characteristic of neutrophilia? | bacterial
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| What type of infection is characteristic of lymphocytosis? | viral
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| What type of infection is characterstic of eosinophilia? | parasitic, asthma, hay fever
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| What type of infection is characteristic of leukopenia? | typhoid fever, virus, rickettsiae, protozoa
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| What is leukocytosis? | increased total WBC; 15 - 20 k
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| What is leukemoid reaction? | very high WBC count; 40 - 100k
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| What is a shift to the left? | increased release of immature WBC; inc bone marrow
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| What is the septic shock triad? | DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), hypoglycemia, CV failure
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