6/13/2009
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| density= | mass/volume
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| the si units for density are: | mass or volume
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| ___ for irregular objects if found by water displacement. | volume
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| ___ (air, water, magma) rises because it is less dense. | warm
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| ___sinks. | cold
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| as ___ increases, so does density. | pressure
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| water is most dense as a ___. | liquid
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| density=1 | g/ml
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| a ___ is a prediction about a problem that can be tested. | hypothesis
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| a variable is a ___ factor in an experiment. | changeable
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| ___ are factors in an experiment. | constants
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| any valid scientific theory has passed test designed to ___ it. | invalidate
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| there can be more than _ explanation for any ___ | phenomena
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| the altitude of polaris equals your ___ | latitude
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| latitude lines go ___ but measure north and south of the equator. | east and west
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| longitude lines go ___ but measure east and west of the prime meridian. | north and south
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| the closer the contour lines, the ___ the slope. | steeper
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| contour lines form v's that point ___ of rivers and creeks. | upstream
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| the earth consists of a ___ inner core, a ___ outer core a ___ mantle, and a thin ___ crust. | solidliquidcrustrocky
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| the lithosphere is the ___ | crust
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| ___ crust is thinner, younger, and denser. | ocean
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| oceanic crust is amde up of ___ rock. | basaltic
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| ___ ___ move tectonic plates. | convection currents
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| ___ ___ rises, cools, becomes denser and sinks. | hot materials
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| convergent boundaries are colliding plates which cause folded or ___ ___ mountainhs, ___ zone (volcanoes, trenches), and ___ faults. | thrust faultedsubductionreverse
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| divergent boundaries are dividing plates and cause ___, ___, ___, and volcanoes. | seafloor spreading, mid ocean ridges, rift valleys, volcanoes
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| transform boundaries slide past each other and _ and earthquakes are produced. | strike slip faults
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| _ can result with any plate movement. | earthquake
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| _ are not related to plate movement. | hotspots
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| a fault is a _ or _ in the earths crust where movement has occured. | breakcrack
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| appalachian mountains are _ mountains. | folded
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| _ activity is associated with subduction, rifting, or sea floor spreading. | volcanic
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| an ocean plate will always _ a continental plate because it is _. | sink underdenser
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| _ seismic stations are needed to find the epicenter of an earthquake. | 3
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| _ waves travel the fastest and reach the seismic station first. | p
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| p waves travel through _ and _. | solids, liquids
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| p waves slow down and _ when they hit the liquid outer core. | bend
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| _ waves do not travel through liquids. | s
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| _ is the process that rocks are broken down. (by water, air, and organisms. | deposition
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| chemical weathering occurs in _, _ climates. | warmhumid
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| _ weathering occurs in cold climates. (ice wedging) | mechanical
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| erosion is the process by which earths materials are transported by _, _, or _. | moving water, gravity, or ice.
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| _ causes all these to happen. | wind
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| streams and moving water are the major _ of erosion. | agents
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| _ is the dropping or settling out of sediment. | deposition
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| high_=high relief areas. high _=low relief areas. | erosion, deposition
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| large particles settle out _. | first
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| sediment size from largest to smallest:_, _, _, and _. | gravel, sand silt, clay
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| as particle size increases, _(the ability to transport water) increases. | permeability
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| soil evolution starts with the weathering of _. | bedrock
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| organic material must be present in order to have _. | soil
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| _ consists of 3 horizons. | soil profile
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| _-topsoil _-less humus, leaching from a, and _-weathered rock | a, b , c
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| _ topography has caves and sinkholes produced by acidic groundwater dissolving limestone. | karst
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| the_province is famous for karst topography. | valley and ridge
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| ground water layers from the surface down include zone of _, _ table, zone of _ freely. | aeration, water, saturation
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| an _ is a layer of rock that transports groundwater freely. | aquifer
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| a spring is an area where the _ reaches the lands surface. | water table
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| hydrologic or _ cycle includes the processes of evaporatioin, condensation, precipitation and runoff. | water
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| the _ plain is the flattest area underlain by all types of sediments produced by the erosion of the _ mountains. | appalachian
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| _ are abundant here. | fossils
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| the _ is underlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks produced by ancient volcanoes. | piedmont
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| seperated by a _ from the coastal plain. | fall line
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| _- oldest in the state. | blue ridge
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| _- long parallel ridges composed of folded and faulted rocks that occurred during the _ of africa and north america during the paleozoic. | valley and ridge, collision
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| karst _ and fossils are abundant | topography
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| _ underlain by sedimentary rocks. | appalachian
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| _ resources are found here. | coal
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| a _ is found in nature, is inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and structure. | mineral
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| mineral properties depend on there _ structure. | atomic
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| _ are useful and profitable. | ores
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| igneous rocka re classified by _ and _. | texture, composition
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| _ rocks are produced by the cooling of magma or lava. | igneous
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| fast cooling- _-texture includes small grains, glassy, air holes present. | extrusive
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| _=intrusive- texture includes coarse or large mineral grains. | slow cooling
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| metamorphic formed by _ and _. | heat, pressure
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| metamorphic include _ (banded) and _ | foliated, nonfoliated
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| foliated rocks are _, _, and _. | gneiss, slate, schist
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| non-foliated include _, and _. | marble, quartzite
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| _ morphs into marble. | limestone
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| _ morphs into quartzite | schist
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| sedimentary rocks form from _, _, or _. | organic material, rock fragments, chemical precipitation
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| sedimentary rock are found in flat layers or _. | strata
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| _ are found in these layers. | fossils
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| sedimentary subclasses include _, _, and _. | organic, clastic, chemical
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| _ is formed both chemically and organically. | limestone
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| _ rocks are made of fragments: conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. | clastic
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| virginia _ include limestone, coal, and gravel. | resources
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| _ resources can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which tehy are used, including vegetation, water and soil. | renewable
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| nonrenewable are renewed very slowly or _. | not at all
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| the earths water supply is renewable but also _ | finite
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| a _ is the remains, impression, or other evidence of a former existence of life preserved in _. | fossil, rock
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| virginias fossils are mostly _ and are from all _ in history. | marines, eras
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| _ states that the oldest rocks are found on the bottom of strata and the youngest on top of strata. | law of superposition
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| law of cross-cutting relationships states that an igneous _ is younger than the layers it cuts across. | intrusion
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| fossils, superposition, and crosscutting are used to determine _. | relative ages
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| relative ages are placing events in sequence without assigning _ numerical ages. | exact
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| _ places a numerical age to an event. | absolute age
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| radioactive decay, or _, if used to determine the absolute age of rocks. | half life
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| uranium dating is used to find the agess of the _ rocks. | oldest
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| _ is used to find the ages of human artifacts. | carbon-14
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| the earth is about _ years old. | 4.6 billion
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| we have _ hgih tides, and _ low tides each day. | 2, 2
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| tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the _ and the _. | earth, moon
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| currents move from _ to _ areas | warm, cold
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| _ brings cold, nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface. | upwelling
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| this is rich in _ activity. | biological
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| estuaries are areas were _ mixes with _. | freshwater, saltwater
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| _ rises when ice caps melt. | sea level
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| cyanobacteria were responsible for the first oxygen on _. | earth
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| presently blue green algae is an important source of _. | oxygen
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| the ocean is the largest reservoir of _ at the earths surface. | heat
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| it drives the _ of the earth. | weather
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| the early atmosphere was mostly _ and very little _. | co2, o2
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| the earths atmosphere is _% oxygen,_% nitrogen, and _%trace gases | 21, 78, 1
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| human activities such as burning _ have increased co2 levels. | fossil fuels
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| high co2 levels produce the _ effect. | greenhouse
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| _ are decreasing the ozone levels of the upper atmosphere. | cfc's
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| areas near the equator recieve the most direct _. | radiation
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| clouds form when air is at or below it's _ and condensation nuclei are present. | dew point
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| _ causes deflections of the atmosphere and oceans due to rotation of earth. | coriolis effect
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| a psychrometer measures _ in the air. | humidity
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| a barometer measures _. | air pressure
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| _ are cool and dry: | highs
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| _ are warm and wet. | lows
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| _ is due to unequal cooling that causes air pressure differences. | wind
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| wind _ from high to low. | blows
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| _ move quickly and produce rain at the front. | cold front
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| _ move slowly and produce miles and miles of clouds. | warm front
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| the highest pressure is found at _. | sea level
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| high pressure moves _ and outward. | clockwise
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| low pressure moves _ and inward. | counter clockwise
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| u.s weather is dominated by prevailing _. | westeries
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| weather moves _ to _. | west, east
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| _ is june 21 (longest day). | summer solstice
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| _ is december 21 (shortest day). | winter solstice
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| solstice is when the sun is at its most _ or _ point. | northern, southern
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| _ are when the sun is directly over the equator. | equinox
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| the earth is closer to the sun in the _. | winter
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| the earth rotates w to e once in _. | 24 hours
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| the earth revolves around the sun once in _. | 365,25 days
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| the earth is the _ planet from the sun. | 3rd
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| the moon has _ because of reflected sunlight and the _ at which we view it. | phases, angle
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| _ pedulum and _ effect prove the earth rotates. | faucualts, corriolis
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| _ and seasonal _ prove the earths revolution. | parallex, constellations
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| two types of planets- _(rocky) and _ (gaseous). | inner, outer
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| _ are known as dirty snowballs in space and originate in the _ cloud. | oort
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| comets tail is the result of the _ and points _ from the sun. | solar winds, away
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| comets _ is the result of the suns radiation. | coma
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| asteroids are rocky or metallic iron objects with origins between _ and _. | mars, jupiter
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| au= distance of _ and _. | earth, sun
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| we measure _ distances in au. | planet
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| light year is the distance _ travels in a _. | light, year
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| we measure _ and _ distances with light years. | star, galaxy
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| _ was the first manned landing on the _. | apollo II, moon
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| _ was the first man on the moon. | neil armstrong
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| the big bang explains the origins of the _. | universe
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| the solar nebulae theory explains that the _ formed from the condensing of our sun or solar nebulae. | planets
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| ours suns life cycle is _, protostar, _ red giant, white dwarf and black dwarf. | nebula, yellow main sequence star
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| black holes are a _ of stars. | death stage
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| we are located in the _, which is a _ galaxy. | milky way galaxy, spiral
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| the 3 types of galaxies are _, _, and _. | spiral, elliptical, irregular
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| _ has improved our knowledge and understanding of the universe. | the hubble space telescope
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| red shifts indicate the universe is _ outward. | expanding
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| this is used to support the _. | big bang theory
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| coal evolution from softest to hardest- _, lignite, bituminous, anthracite. | peat
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| _ are missing rock layers usually a result of erosion. | unconformities
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