endocrine pancreas path
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vipoma | rare, associated with Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia,and Achlorydria (a.k.a. verner-morrisonor, pancreatic cholera)
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glucagonoma | rare, results in secondary DM and skin lesions called necrolytic migratory eryhtema
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Gastrinoma | often malignant, sometimes extrapancreatic , associated with Sollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastric hyperscetion of hydrochloric acid, PUD, and hypergastrinemia)
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Insulinoma | most common islet tumor, bening or malignant, increased insulin and C-peptide, characterized by whipple triad
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changes in skin in DM | Xanthomas, furuncles and abscesses because of increased propensity to infection, frequent fungal infections(especially Candida)
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changes in liver in DM | Fatty change
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changes in eye in DM | cataracts and proliferative retinopathy ( characterized by retinal exudates, edema, hemorrhages and microaneurysms)
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changes in cardiovascular in DM | atherosclerosis, MI and PVD, capillary basement membrane thickening
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changes in kidney in DM | increased width of GBM,diffuse glomerulosclerosis and arteriolar lesions, pylonephritis
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changes in pancreasin type 1 DM | islets small and beta cells decreased in number or absent; insulitis marked by lymphocytic infiltration an early change
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changes in pancreas in type 2 DM | focal islet fibrosis with hyalinization with amylin
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maturity onset diabetes | is an autosomal dominant syndrome causing mild hyperglycemia and hypsecreation of insulin with out loss of beta cells; onset earlier than with type 2
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type 2 diabetes | onset in middle age, due to increased insulin resistance, positive family history, obesity, normal or increased insulin concentration, mild carbohydrate intolerance
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type 1 diabetes | early onset, due to failure of insulin snthesis, genetic predisposition complicated by autoimmune inflamation
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ketoacidosis | results from increased catabolism of fat with production of ketone bodies principally beta hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid
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