NCETMB Review
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| Anatomy | The study of structure | ||||
| Physiology | The study of function | ||||
| Homeostasis | Relative constancy of the internal environment | ||||
| Midline | Divides the body into equal right and left halves | ||||
| Medial | Toward the midline | ||||
| Lateral | Away from the midline | ||||
| Proximal | Closest to the point of origin or the trunk | ||||
| Distal | Furthest from the point of origin or the trunk | ||||
| Anterior | Front of the body in anatomical position | ||||
| Posterior | Back of the body in anatomical position | ||||
| Ventral | Front of the body in anatomical position | ||||
| Dorsal | Back of the body in anatomical position | ||||
| Superior | Toward the head | ||||
| Inferior | Toward the feet | ||||
| Superficial | Near the surface | ||||
| Deep | Farther from the surface | ||||
| Contralateral | Opposite sides | ||||
| Ipsilateral | Same side | ||||
| Antebrachium | Forearm | ||||
| Antecubital | Depression on the anterior side of the elbow | ||||
| Axillary | Armpit | ||||
| Brachium | Arm | ||||
| Buccal | Cheek | ||||
| Carpal | Wrist | ||||
| Cephalic | Head | ||||
| Cervical | Neck | ||||
| Crural | Anterior leg | ||||
| Cubital | Elbow | ||||
| Cutaneuos | Skin | ||||
| Digital | Fingers and toes | ||||
| Femoral | Thigh | ||||
| Inguinal | Groin | ||||
| Olecranon | Elbow | ||||
| Opthalamic | Eye | ||||
| Palmar | Palm of the hand | ||||
| Pedal | Foot | ||||
| Plantar | Sole of the foot | ||||
| Popliteal | Posterior knee | ||||
| Phalangeal | Fingers and toes | ||||
| Sural | Posterior leg | ||||
| Tarsal | Ankle | ||||
| Oral | Mouth | ||||
| Orbital | Around the eye | ||||
| Thoracic | Chest | ||||
| Pulmonary | Lungs | ||||
| Cardiac | Heart | ||||
| Hepatic | Liver | ||||
| Renal | Kidney | ||||
| Midsagittal | Divides the body into equal right and left halves | ||||
| Sagittal | Divides the body into unequal right and left parts | ||||
| Frontal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | ||||
| Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | ||||
| Transverse | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts | ||||
| Horizontal | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts | ||||
| Structural levels of organization | Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system | ||||
| Cell | The smallest living structural unit | ||||
| Ventral Cavity | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic | ||||
| Dorsal Cavity | Cranial, Spinal, CNS | ||||
| Thoracic Cavity | Right and left pleura, Mediastinum | ||||
| Right and left pleura | Right and left lungs | ||||
| Mediastinum | Heart, trachea, vena cava, esophagus | ||||
| Abdominal Cavity | Right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal | ||||
| Right Hypocondriac | Liver | ||||
| Epigastric | Liver, stomach | ||||
| Left Hypocondriac | Pancreas, spleen | ||||
| Right Lumbar | Ascending colon | ||||
| Umbilical | Transverse colon | ||||
| Left Lumbar | Descending colon | ||||
| Right Inguinal | Cecum, vermiform appendix | ||||
| Hypogastric | Bladder | ||||
| Left Inguinal | Sigmoid colon | ||||
| Pelvic Cavity | Bladder and some reproductive organs | ||||
| Diaphragm - location | Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities | ||||
| Diaphragm - function | One of the three major body pumps, moving both air and fluid | ||||
| Cranial Cavity | Brain | ||||
| Spinal Cavity | Spinal cord | ||||
| Supine | Face up | ||||
| Prone | Face down (on stomach) | ||||
| Lateral Recumbent | Side lying | ||||
| Cell Structure | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles | ||||
| Plasma membrane | Selectively permeable, double layer phospholipid membrane | ||||
| Cytoplasm | Specialized living material in cell membrane mostly made up of the organelles | ||||
| Organelles | Mitocondria, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cilia and flagellum | ||||
| Mitocondria | Powerhouse, synthesizes ATP | ||||
| Lysosome | Digestion, sometimes selfdestruct | ||||
| Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center | ||||
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis | ||||
| Nucleus | Brain, stores DNA | ||||
| Cilia | Hairlike extensions on the surface of the cell that promote one way movement of substances across the membrane | ||||
| Flagellum | Taillike projection of a sperm cell that helps propulsion | ||||
| Cell Reproduction | Meiosis and mitosis | ||||
| Meiosis | Division of sex cells from one parent cell into four daughter cells | ||||
| Mitosis | Division of somatic cells in a 5 step process from one parent cell into two identical daughter cells | ||||
| Mitosis - 5 steps | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | ||||
| Interphase | The resting stage where no active division occurs | ||||
| Prophase | Stage 1 of reproduction | ||||
| Metaphase | Stage 2 | ||||
| Anaphase | Stage 3, clevage furrow appears | ||||
| Telophase | Stage 4, completion of division | ||||
| Passive Transport | The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient | ||||
| Passive Transport - Types | Diffusion and filtration | ||||
| Active Transport | The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up the concentration gradient (requires energy) | ||||
| Active Transport - Types | Ion Pump | ||||
| Diffusion | Substances scatter evenly throughout an available space; ie osmosis | ||||
| Filtration | Substances move through the membrane because of hydrostatic pressure | ||||
| Ion Pump | Carrier proteins move substances into or out of the membrane. Pinocytosis (liquids), phagocytosis (solids) | ||||
| Tissue - 4 main types | Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous | ||||
| Connective Tissue | Most abundant; areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, blood, cartilage | ||||
| Areolar | Sticky matrix that helps hold organs together | ||||
| Adipose | Fat tissue that stores lipids | ||||
| Fibrous | Collagen, Reticular, Elastic | ||||
| Bone | Calcified matrix made up of osteocytes | ||||
| Blood | Liquid matrix made up of plasma (liquid) and formed elements (solid) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets | ||||
| Cartilage | Gristle-like matrix made up of chondrocytes; Hyalin and fibrocartilage | ||||
| Hyalin | Provides flexibility and support | ||||
| Fibrocartilage | More rigid, greater stability than hyalin | ||||
| Thixotrophy | The property of certain gels (ie connective tissue) to become less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity on standing | ||||
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body, lines body cavities, surrounds the organs and other structures | ||||
| Epithelial Tissue - membranes | Forms cutaneous, serous, and mucous membranes | ||||
| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin, largest organ of th body | ||||
| Serous Membrane | Lines closed cavities | ||||
| Mucous membrane | Lines surfaces that open to the exterior like in the respriatory, digestive, and urinary tracts | ||||
| Epithelial Cell Classification | By shape and arrangement | ||||
| Epithelial Shapes | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional | ||||
| Squamous | Flat, thin | ||||
| Cuboidal | Cube shaped | ||||
| Columnar | Taller than wide | ||||
| Transitional | Different shapes that can stretch | ||||
| Epithelial Arrangements | Simple, stratified, pseudostratified | ||||
| Simple | Single layer | ||||
| Stratified | Many layered | ||||
| Pseudostratified | A single layer packed so closely together that it appears to be more than one layer | ||||
| Simple Squamous | A single layer of very thin irregularly shaped cells. Exchanges. ie capillaries | ||||
| Stratified Squamous | Several layers of closely packed cells. Protects. ie epidermis | ||||
| Stratified Transitional | Found in areas that stretch, like the bladder, stomach, and especially the uterus | ||||
| Muscle Tissue | Striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth | ||||
| Skeletal Tissue | Striated and voluntary | ||||
| Cardiac Tissue | Striated and involuntary | ||||
| Smooth Tissue | Non-striated and involuntary. | ||||
| Skeletal Tissue Regulation | By the somatic division of the PNS | ||||
| Cardiac Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS | ||||
| Smooth Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS | ||||
| Nervous Tissue | Made up of neurons and neuroglia, providing rapid communication and control of the body | ||||
| Neurons | Primary nerve cells | ||||
| Neuroglia | Support and protective cells for the neurons | ||||
| Integumentary System | Skin, hair and nails. Functions: temperature regulation, protection, synthesis of vitamin D |
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Created by:
selfstudy08
on 2009-06-02