NCETMB Review
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| Anatomy | The study of structure
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| Physiology | The study of function
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| Homeostasis | Relative constancy of the internal environment
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| Midline | Divides the body into equal right and left halves
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| Medial | Toward the midline
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| Lateral | Away from the midline
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| Proximal | Closest to the point of origin or the trunk
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| Distal | Furthest from the point of origin or the trunk
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| Anterior | Front of the body in anatomical position
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| Posterior | Back of the body in anatomical position
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| Ventral | Front of the body in anatomical position
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| Dorsal | Back of the body in anatomical position
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| Superior | Toward the head
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| Inferior | Toward the feet
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| Superficial | Near the surface
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| Deep | Farther from the surface
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| Contralateral | Opposite sides
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| Ipsilateral | Same side
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| Antebrachium | Forearm
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| Antecubital | Depression on the anterior side of the elbow
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| Axillary | Armpit
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| Brachium | Arm
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| Buccal | Cheek
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| Carpal | Wrist
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| Cephalic | Head
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| Cervical | Neck
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| Crural | Anterior leg
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| Cubital | Elbow
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| Cutaneuos | Skin
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| Digital | Fingers and toes
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| Femoral | Thigh
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| Inguinal | Groin
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| Olecranon | Elbow
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| Opthalamic | Eye
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| Palmar | Palm of the hand
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| Pedal | Foot
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| Plantar | Sole of the foot
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| Popliteal | Posterior knee
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| Phalangeal | Fingers and toes
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| Sural | Posterior leg
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| Tarsal | Ankle
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| Oral | Mouth
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| Orbital | Around the eye
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| Thoracic | Chest
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| Pulmonary | Lungs
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| Cardiac | Heart
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| Hepatic | Liver
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| Renal | Kidney
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| Midsagittal | Divides the body into equal right and left halves
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| Sagittal | Divides the body into unequal right and left parts
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| Frontal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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| Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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| Transverse | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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| Horizontal | Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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| Structural levels of organization | Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system
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| Cell | The smallest living structural unit
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| Ventral Cavity | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic
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| Dorsal Cavity | Cranial, Spinal, CNS
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| Thoracic Cavity | Right and left pleura, Mediastinum
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| Right and left pleura | Right and left lungs
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| Mediastinum | Heart, trachea, vena cava, esophagus
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| Abdominal Cavity | Right hypocondriac, epigastric, left hypocondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
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| Right Hypocondriac | Liver
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| Epigastric | Liver, stomach
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| Left Hypocondriac | Pancreas, spleen
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| Right Lumbar | Ascending colon
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| Umbilical | Transverse colon
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| Left Lumbar | Descending colon
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| Right Inguinal | Cecum, vermiform appendix
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| Hypogastric | Bladder
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| Left Inguinal | Sigmoid colon
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| Pelvic Cavity | Bladder and some reproductive organs
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| Diaphragm - location | Divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| Diaphragm - function | One of the three major body pumps, moving both air and fluid
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| Cranial Cavity | Brain
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| Spinal Cavity | Spinal cord
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| Supine | Face up
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| Prone | Face down (on stomach)
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| Lateral Recumbent | Side lying
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| Cell Structure | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
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| Plasma membrane | Selectively permeable, double layer phospholipid membrane
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| Cytoplasm | Specialized living material in cell membrane mostly made up of the organelles
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| Organelles | Mitocondria, lysosome, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, cilia and flagellum
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| Mitocondria | Powerhouse, synthesizes ATP
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| Lysosome | Digestion, sometimes selfdestruct
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| Golgi Apparatus | Packaging center
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| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis
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| Nucleus | Brain, stores DNA
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| Cilia | Hairlike extensions on the surface of the cell that promote one way movement of substances across the membrane
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| Flagellum | Taillike projection of a sperm cell that helps propulsion
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| Cell Reproduction | Meiosis and mitosis
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| Meiosis | Division of sex cells from one parent cell into four daughter cells
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| Mitosis | Division of somatic cells in a 5 step process from one parent cell into two identical daughter cells
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| Mitosis - 5 steps | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| Interphase | The resting stage where no active division occurs
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| Prophase | Stage 1 of reproduction
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| Metaphase | Stage 2
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| Anaphase | Stage 3, clevage furrow appears
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| Telophase | Stage 4, completion of division
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| Passive Transport | The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, down the concentration gradient
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| Passive Transport - Types | Diffusion and filtration
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| Active Transport | The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up the concentration gradient (requires energy)
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| Active Transport - Types | Ion Pump
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| Diffusion | Substances scatter evenly throughout an available space; ie osmosis
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| Filtration | Substances move through the membrane because of hydrostatic pressure
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| Ion Pump | Carrier proteins move substances into or out of the membrane. Pinocytosis (liquids), phagocytosis (solids)
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| Tissue - 4 main types | Connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous
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| Connective Tissue | Most abundant; areolar, adipose, fibrous, bone, blood, cartilage
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| Areolar | Sticky matrix that helps hold organs together
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| Adipose | Fat tissue that stores lipids
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| Fibrous | Collagen, Reticular, Elastic
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| Bone | Calcified matrix made up of osteocytes
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| Blood | Liquid matrix made up of plasma (liquid) and formed elements (solid) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
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| Cartilage | Gristle-like matrix made up of chondrocytes; Hyalin and fibrocartilage
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| Hyalin | Provides flexibility and support
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| Fibrocartilage | More rigid, greater stability than hyalin
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| Thixotrophy | The property of certain gels (ie connective tissue) to become less viscous when shaken or subjected to shearing forces and returning to the original viscosity on standing
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| Epithelial Tissue | Covers the body, lines body cavities, surrounds the organs and other structures
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| Epithelial Tissue - membranes | Forms cutaneous, serous, and mucous membranes
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| Cutaneous Membrane | Skin, largest organ of th body
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| Serous Membrane | Lines closed cavities
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| Mucous membrane | Lines surfaces that open to the exterior like in the respriatory, digestive, and urinary tracts
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| Epithelial Cell Classification | By shape and arrangement
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| Epithelial Shapes | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
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| Squamous | Flat, thin
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| Cuboidal | Cube shaped
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| Columnar | Taller than wide
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| Transitional | Different shapes that can stretch
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| Epithelial Arrangements | Simple, stratified, pseudostratified
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| Simple | Single layer
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| Stratified | Many layered
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| Pseudostratified | A single layer packed so closely together that it appears to be more than one layer
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| Simple Squamous | A single layer of very thin irregularly shaped cells. Exchanges. ie capillaries
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| Stratified Squamous | Several layers of closely packed cells. Protects. ie epidermis
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| Stratified Transitional | Found in areas that stretch, like the bladder, stomach, and especially the uterus
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| Muscle Tissue | Striated or non-striated, voluntary or involuntary. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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| Skeletal Tissue | Striated and voluntary
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| Cardiac Tissue | Striated and involuntary
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| Smooth Tissue | Non-striated and involuntary.
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| Skeletal Tissue Regulation | By the somatic division of the PNS
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| Cardiac Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS
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| Smooth Tissue Regulation | By the autonomic division of the PNS
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| Nervous Tissue | Made up of neurons and neuroglia, providing rapid communication and control of the body
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| Neurons | Primary nerve cells
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| Neuroglia | Support and protective cells for the neurons
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| Integumentary System | Skin, hair and nails. Functions: temperature regulation, protection, synthesis of vitamin D
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