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| Functions of lymph node | filtration by macrophages, storage and activation of B/T cells, antibody production
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| Follicle/cortex of lymph node holds. Difference between primary and secondary follicle | B cells. Secondary follicle (germinal ctr) is pale and is a site of active proliferation
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| Medulla of lymph node consistes of cords and sinuses. What are they composed of? Where do sinuses drain to? | Cords: lymphocytes, plasma cells, Sinuses= macrophages, reticular cells and communicate with efferent lymphatic
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| Paracortex/deep cortex | Houses T cells; has endothelial venules from which T and B cvells enter. Becaomes enlarged in immmune resposne (viral)
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| 3 functions of the spleen | capture organisms and Ag trapping, site for extramedullary hematopoiesis, reservoir for 1/3 of platelets
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| Which part of spleen has "barrel hood" basement membrane? Where are macrophages found? | Near basement membrane. Red pulp
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| Where are T cells and B cells found in the spleen? | T cells = periarterial lymphatic sheath, red pulp, B = follicles in white pulp
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| Describe what happens in splenic dysfunction? | Decreased IgM (due to abnormal follicles--> decreased complement activation --> decreased c3b opsonization, increased susceptiblity to encapsulated organisms.
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| What organisms is a patient susceptible during splenic dysfunction? | Encapsulated: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Salmonella
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| Postsplectomy results in | Howell Jolly bodies, target cells, thrombocytosis
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| T cells in the thymus are originally from ___. They travel to the thymus and are in immature in the ___. | T cells are mesenchymal in origin (bone marrow), Immature = cortex
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| Mature T cells are found in the ___ of the thymus, which also contains ____ and ____/ | medulla and contains Hassall's corpuscles, reticular epithelial cells
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| What happens in positive selection? Negative selection | Positive = Recognize MHC or MHC II. Negative APC cells present Ag; those that don't interact undergo apoptosis.
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| In cortex, before positive selection, T cells have ___ receptors | CD4 and CD8 receptors
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| To make a Th1 cell ____ is released. To make Th2, ____ is released | Th1= IL12, Th2 = IL4
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| TH1 cells secrete ___ and are inhibited by ____. | IL-2, IFN-gamma; inhibited by IL-10
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| Th2 cells secrete ____ and are inhibited by ___. | IL 4,5, 10; inhibited by IFN gamma
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| Th2 cells help B cells to secrete antibody ___ | IgE> IgG
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| only lymphocyte member of the immune system | Natural killer cells
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| Natural killer cells are enhanced by | IL-12, IFN-beta, IFN-a
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| MHC I are mostly for cells infected with a ___ | virus
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| APCS include ___ and have MHC II receptors | APC = macrophage, dendritic, B cells (MHC II)
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| in a macrophage-lymphocyte (which one?) interaction, lymphocytes release ___ while macrophages release ___. They stimulate each other | Th1. TH1 release IFN-gamma, macrophages (IL-1, TNF-alpha)
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| Th2 are infamous for helping cells. Which ones do they help? What signals do they send for each | CTL (IL-2, IFN-gamma), B (IL4, IL5)
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| MHCI includes HLA- (), MHC II ()_ | MHC I (A,B,C), MHC II (DR, DQ, DP)
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| Ag is loaded on MHC I in ___ and ___ in MHC II | MHC I = RER (intracellular peptides), MHC II = Acidified endosome
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| B2 is part of MHC__ complex | I
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| Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by __ cells | B cells (IgE)
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| Type II (cytotoxicy) is mediated by ___ | B cells (IgG)
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| Type III (Immune complex) is mediated by ___ | b cells (IgG)
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| Hyper acute rejection = ___ cells, | Hyperacute = B cells
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| Superantigen mechanism | bind to outside of Beta and MHC II complex. Results in release of IFN-gamma from Th1 cells and IL-1, Il-6, TNF alpha from macrophages
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| Endotoxin directly stimulates ___ and binds to ___ | stimulates macrophages and binds to CD14.
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| Signal 1 (Th), signal 2 | MHC II + CD4/TCR; B7 + CD28 (costiumulatory
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| Signal 1 (TC), Signal 2 (Tc) | MHC I + CD8/TCR; IL-2 stimulates Tc to kill virus
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| Signal 1 (B), Signal 2 (B) | Th2 cell secretes IL 4,5,6, CD40+CD40 L from Th2
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| Fc portion of Ig_ and Ig_ fixes complement | G,M
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| __ determines idiotype, __ determines Isotypes. __ is made from heavy chain | Fab = idiotype, Fc = isotype, Fc =heavy chain
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| 4 ways that antibody diversity is created | 1. Random recombination of VJ (light) and VDJ(heavy) chains, 2. random combination of heavy chains with light chains, 3. somatic hypermutation (following ag stimulation-point mutation--> enhances affinity),4. addition of nucleotides during recomibination
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| terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is resopnsible for ____. | addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination and increasing antibody diversity
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| Name Ig: opsonization | G
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| Name Ig: travels across placenta | IgA,IgG
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| Name Ig: initiate complement | IgG, IgM
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| Name Ig: initiate neutralization | IgA, IgM, IgG
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| Name Ig: initiate degranulation | IgE
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| Diseases associated with rearrangement | Burkitts lymphoma (heavy chain moves to myc with 8, 14, translocation), SCID (lack rearrangement in T and B cells
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| IL-4 stimulates Ig_ | IgE and IgG
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| IL-5 stimulates Ig_ | IgA
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| Normally a mature b cell has what Ig? | IgM, IgD
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| Ig_ = prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses, to mucous emmbranes | IgA
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| Found as a monomer/dimer = Ig_ | IgA
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| Found in secretion | IgA
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| Lowest concentration in serum | IgE
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| Ig epitope that differs among same species (polymorphism) | allotypes
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| Ig epitope common to a single class of Ig | Isotype (IgG, IgE)
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| Ig epitope determined by antigen binding site | Idiotype = hypervariable region is unique
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| Ig epitope that differs among same species (polymorphism) | allotypes
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| Ig epitope common to a single class of Ig | Isotype (IgG, IgE)
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| Ig epitope determined by antigen binding site | Idiotype = hypervariable region is unique
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