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Ventilation

The process of moving air in & out of the lungs.

Respiration

The process of gas exchange (O2 & CO2)across a membrane into or out of the blood stream.

The Thoracic Cage

Is where the major structures of the pulmonary system are contained & is both rigid (to protect organs)& flexible (to allow for expansion & retraction w/ inspiration & expiration.

Which ribs are called the "floating ribs"

11th & 12th

The connection of the 2nd rib to the sternum is the landmark known as

The angle of Louis

Which ribs are connected directly to the sternum

Ribs 1-7

Ribs 8-10

connect to ribs 1-7 via cartilage

Major organ components of the Pulmonary system are the

2 lungs

The mediastinum (space between the lungs) contains

the heart, the great vessels, the esophagus, and the lymphatics

Components of the lung

Right lung has RUL, RML, RLL Left lung has LUL, middle area called lingual, LLL

Fissures

separations between lobes

Visceral Pleura

outside surface of the lungs

Parietal Pleura

Inner surface of the chest wall & mediastinum

Intrapleural Pressure is created by the

attraction of the 2 pleural surfaces, is subatmospheric (less than).

Intrapleural Pressure becomes more negative as you

breathe in. It is the negative pressure that causes air to rush in & inflate the lungs.

Why is it important to maintain negative pressure in the intrapleural space

to keep the lung from collapsing

Muscles of inspiration increase or decrease the thoracic cage

increase the thoracic cage

Muscles of expiration increase or decrease

decrease the thoracic cage

The primary muscle of inspiration is the

diaphragm (it does 80% of the work)

Spinal injury at which level affects ventilatory function

C3-C5

The process of expiration during normal breathing is passive or active

passive

Expiration that is active involves which muscles

accessory muscles, scalene, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, chest/back muscles

Pulmonary airways are divided into to two airways they are

conducting (upper) airway & respiratory (lower) airway

Conducting airways (trachea, nasal & oral cavities, pharynx, larynx)

provide warmth & humidity, protect the gas exchange airways from foreign material,& acts as a passageway for air to reach the gas exchange areas of the lungs

C shaped rings on the trachea/bronchus

prevent the trachea from collapsing, especially during bronchoconstrictions or a strong cough

Respiratory airway consist of

bronchioles, aveoli also known as the "acinar units" or "terminal respiratory units"

The respiratory bronchioles provide a pathway for

air conduction & contain pouches of alveoli where gas exchange occurs

Alveolar Epithelial cells type II

move in to help line the interior surface of the alveolus whenever type I cells are injured, they also produce, secrete & store pulmonary surfactant

Surfactant helps

lower the surface tension of the alveoli, preventing them form collapsing when you exhale

Alveolar macrophages function as

part of the defense mechanism of the lung, kill microbes & eliminate phagocytosis, can move from alveoli to alveoli through the pors of Kohn

Which is the 1st & 2nd vascular bed

1st pulmonary(formed around the alveoli allows circulating blood to participate in gas exchange), Bronchial is the 2nd (systemic blood supply for the tracheobronchial tree & other pulmonary structures)

Lymphatic system

Is apart of the immune system, removing debris & large particles from the lungs, producing antibodies, & contributing to the cell-mediated immune response, helps remove fluid from lungs & keeps alveoli clear

The process of ventilation occurs because

a gradient exists between the atmospheric pressure & intrapulmonary pressures

Mechanism for regulating ventilation is coordinated by 3 mechanisms

CNS, thoracic musculature, variety sensors (central & peripheral chemoreceptors)

CNS regulates ventilation by

various areas of the CNS, brainstem, cerebral cortex & neurons

Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation by

responding to changes in the chemical composition of blood &/or fluid

2 types of Chemoreceptors regulate ventilation

central: in the medulla of the brain, responds to hydrogen ion concentration in the ECFperipheral: found in the aortic arch in the common carotid arteries, increase ventilation in direct response to arterial O2 concentration

Lung Capaciy measurements are the sum of

2 or more lung volumes

Functional residual capacity is the sum of

expiratory reserveresidual volumes

Inspiratory capacity is the sum of

tidal volumeinspiratory reserve volume

Vital capacity is the sum of

tidal volumeinspiratory reserveexpiratory reserve volumes

Perfusion alveolar ventilation & pulmonary capillary perfusion occurs @ a rate of

4l/min & 5l/min (ventilation & perfusion ratio of 4:5)

Dead space areas in the lung

are ventilated but no gas exchange takes place