Ch 17 & 18 Bios 254
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| What are the 4 important functions of capillary filtration and resorption. | communication plasma & interstitial fluid; speeds distrib. nutrients/hormones/dissolved gases->tissues; move insol. lipids/tissue proteins that can't cross cap. wall; carries bact. toxins/chem. stimuli 2 lymph. tiss./organs resp. 4 immunity
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| What color are veins? Why? | Blue - carry deoxygenated blood,
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| What type of membrane does an artery have? | Internal/External elastic,
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| Describe the media | Thick with smooth muscle and elastic fibers,
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| Describe externa | Contains collagen and elastic fibers,
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| What are the 5 characteristics of a typical vein? | "Usually flattenned with a thin wall; Endothelium is often smooth; Internal/External elastic membrane absent; Media is thin with smooth muscle and collagen fibers; Externa has collagen, elastic fibers and smooth muscle.",
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| Characteristics of a continuous capillary: (7 total) | "Epithelium is complete - No Holes; Permits diffusion-H20, small solutes & lipid-soluble materials; in all tissues except cartilage; Avg. diameter 8 micro mm-> allows blood cells thru single file.; No Media/Externa; No Proteins
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| The Characteristics of a fenestrated capillary are: (3 total) | "Capillary walls contain windows (many openings); Permits rapid exchange of large peptides; Choroid plexus of brain - endocrine glands",
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| What are sinusoids and what do they do? | "Gaps between adjacent endothelial cells and basal lamina; Permits free exchange of large proteins; Found in Liver, bone marrow, spleen, pituitary and adrenal glands.",
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| What is interstitium? | The area that holds fluid within a tissue.,
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| What are venous valves? | "They are found in smaller veins that cannot overcome the force of gravity in order to return blood. They only allow blood flow in one direction (towards the heart); Muscles act as a blood pump.",
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| What is the distribution of blood within the body? | "30% (1.5 Litres) in heart, arteries & capillaries 70% (3.5 Litres) in the venous system - 1/3 of venous blood can be found in liver, bone marrow and skin",
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| What is venous reserve? | "Amount of extra blood in liver, skin and lungs which can be shifted to general circulation.",
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| What is the primary drive for exchange between blood and interstitium? | Capillary pressure,
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| Neural and hormonal regulation controls what? (3) | "Cardiac output; venous pressure; peripheral
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| Describe the relationship of flow with pressure and resistance? | "Flow is directly related to pressure. If pressure increases flow increases. Flow is inversely related to resistance. If resistance increases the flow will decrease.",
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| What is the relationship of Reistance and radius. | They are exponentially related. If radius is increased a little bit - the resistance will go down dramatically and vice versa.,
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| What is the measurement for blood pressure? | mmHg,
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| What is the mean arterial blood pressure? | It's the average of systolic and diastolic pressure.,
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| What are the blood solutes? | "Molecules that are dissolved in blood. ie. albumin, nacl etc...",
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| What is hydrostatic pressure? | "Results from the heart contracting; Water is pushed across the capillary into the interstitium.",
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| How do you calculate pulse pressure? | Systolic minus diastolic pressure.,
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| How do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure? | 1/3 Pulse Pressure + diastolic.,
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| Define diffusion in blood. What diffuses in blood? | "Diffusion - the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration; In blood - everything but plasma proteins move.",
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| Define Filtration. On which side of the heart does filtration occur? | "Hydrostatic pressure pushes water, Na, and glucose across capillary membrane into the interstitium; This occurs on the arterial side.",
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| Define vasodilation and name 4 causes. | "Vasodilation is the opening of a vessel.
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| Vasodilators are | Lactic acid; Decreased tissue oxygen levels; elevated local temperature; Increased CO2 levels",
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| Define vasoconstrictor and what may cause this. | "Vasoconstriction is the closing of a vessel. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes released by platelets and white blood cells.",
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| Colloid Osmosis is: | A concentration of molecules in a fluid.,
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| What are 3 homeostatic mechanisms used in cardiovascular regulation? | "Autoregulation; Neural Mechanisms; Endocrine mechanisms",
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| What is a baroreceptor? | Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic sinuses monitor the blood pressure.,
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| What is atrial reflex? | "The right atrium baroreceoptor monitors right atrial pressure. It adjusts cardiac output to match venous return.",
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| "In neural regulation, What is responsible for vasoconstriction?" | Sympathetic adrenergic secretion,
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| What are chemoreceptors? | "In carotid bodies, they monitor Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and pH levels. They are involved in respiratory activities.",
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| What hormones stimulate cardiac output and vasoconstriction? | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.,
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| Define Phlebitis | Infalmation of a vein,
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| What happens to the descending aorta at or near the belly button? | It splits into the right and left common iliac.,
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| What does the superior mesenteric artery feed into? | Small intestine.,
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| What does the inferior mesenteric artery feed into? | Left side of colon,
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| Where are the intercostal arteries found? | They lie along the ribs.,
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| What are the great vessels? | Left and Right common catotid and left and right subclavian,
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| What are the 2 important functions of capillary filtration & resorption? | communication of plasma & interstitial fluid; carry bacterial toxins & chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissues and organs for immunity
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| What are the other 2 important functions of capillary filtration & resporption? | Move insoluble lipids & tissue proteins that can't cross the capillary wall; speeds distrib. nutrients/hormones/dissolved gases throughout tissues
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