Cyndi's Chapter 11 -Nationals

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Epidermis

outer layer of the skin-composed of sublayers called strata. The epidermis contains no nerves or blood vessels Produces Kerastinocytes

Melanocytes

produce pigment in our skin

Erector pili muscles

attach to hair

Dermis

Inner layer of skin that contains collegen and elastin fibers which provide much more of a structure and strength of the skin and is much thicker then the epidermis

Superficial fascia

The subcuntaneous tissue that composes the third layer of skin, consists of loose connective tissueand contains fat or adipose tissue

Adipose

Fat

Sebum

produced by sebaceous glands

Apocrine

Sweat produced glands that has the strongest order

Jaundice

Skin color is a goldish color

Impetigo

A contagious skin disease

Mole

Most potential to become malignant-pigmented skin growth formed of melanocytes

Fibrocystic disease

Lumps found in the axillary area of a female client

Myocardium

Heart muscle

Semilunar

Controls the flow of blood from the ventricals into the aorta

Pulminary trunk

Blood to lungs

Coronary

Vessel most involved in reducing blood flow to the heart- heart attack

Right Atrium

First chamber to recieve blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae

Diastole

Portion of the cardiac cycle that performs relaxation of the ventricals during filling

Blood Pooling

caused by standing still for long periods of time

Dorsalis pedis pulse is located where?

Ankle

Hypotension

Low blood pressure

Dizzyness when sitting up after massage

Caused by stimulation of the baroreceptors

External Carotid

Artery near SCM

Popliteal artery

Artery behind the knee- then divides to become the anterior & posterior tibial artery

Basilic

Vein located in the arm

Saphenous

Varicose vein

Contributes to Hematopoiesis

Stem cell

Ischemia

Temporary or diminished supply of blood to the tissues

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Begionning stages to a pulmonary embolisum

Lymph

Clear interstitial tissue fluid that bathes the cells. Lymph contains lymphocytes which provide immune response; returns plasma proteins that leak thru capillary walls,fat from gastrointsetinal to bloodstream

Subclavian veins

Both lymph ducts empty lymph fluid here

To encourage lymphatic flow in the foot

Stimulate the plantar plexus

Spleen

Stores lymphocytes and blood

Mononucleosis

Contagious

Specific immunity

No longer suscptible- measles/chicken pox as a child, never to return

Antibodies

Serum proteins of the immunoglbulin class that are secreted by plasma cells

Arterioles

the smallest arteries

Arteriosclerosis

a term meaning hardening of the arteries that have become brittle and have lost there elastisity

Artery

A blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood from heart to the body or deoxygenate blood from the heart to the lungs

Atherosclerosis

A condition in which fatty plaque is deposited in medum and large arteries

Atrium

One of the two small thin walled upper chambers of the heart; the right and left atria are sparated by a thin interatrial septum

Blood

A thick, red fluid that provides oxygen,nourishment,and protection to the cells and carries away waste products. Whole blood consists of two components:cellular elements&liquid plasma. A form of connective tissue.

Blood Pressure

The mesurement of pressure exerted by the heart on the walls of the blood vessels. Blood forced into the aorta during systole sets up a pressure wave that travels down the arteries.The wave expands the arterial wall-pulpate press artery=pulse rate

Systolic

High pressure-ventricals are contracted

Diastolic

Lowest pressure-ventricals are at rest

Capillary

One of the smallest vessels found between the arteries and veins that allow the exchange of gases,nutrients and waste. Thin walls-allows molecules to diffuse easy

Coronary Arteries

Supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself;locatedin groves between the atria and ventricals and between the 2 ventricals

Dermatitis

Acute or chronic skin inflamation characterised by redness, eruptions,edems,scaling,and itching. 3 Types-1)Atopic 2)Seborreheic 3)Contact dermatitis.

Eczema

form of dermatitis

Heart

Mediastinum of thoracic cavity

Myocardium

Heart muscle

Endocardium

thin inner lining - heart

Epicardium

outer membrane - heart

Heart Valves

4 sets of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction through the heart

Hemorrhage

The passage of blood outside of the cardiovascular system

Immunity

Resistant to desease- functional system - key is the ability to distinguish self from nonself

Lymphocytes

important immune cell- prevents bacteria ans viruses from gaining access to the bloodstream.

Macrophanges

important immune cell

Integument

The skin and its appendages: hair,sebaceous,and sweat glands,nails and breasts.

Lymph Nodes

Small,round along a network of lymph vessels that provide filtering for waste removal & transferring them to bloodstream- cleans spleen,intestines,kidneys. Produce lymphocytes. Located near joint movement to assist in pumping-

Pericardium

Dbl. membranious, serous sac surrounding the heart. It secretes a lubricating fluid to prevent frictionfrom the movement of the heart

Plasma

A thick, straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of the blood

Standard Precautions

Est.Center for Diesese Control and Prevention-prevent bacterial and viral infections by setting up specfic methods of dealing with human fluids and waste. Protection from pathogens

Tumors

Neoplasm, new growth

Benign

Nonthreatening

Malignant

Cancerous

Venules

smallest veins

Veins

Blood vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and send it back to the heart. 75% of the blood in the body is in the venous system. Lg veins often contain a set of valves that ensure that blood flows in the correctly to the heart&prevents backflow

Ventricles

2 lg lower chambers of the heart- thick walled and separated by a thick interventricar septum

Keratin

fibrous protein that protects our skin and makes it waterproof

Skin color

pigment= melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Stratum Corneum

outer most layer of the epidermis- 20 to 30 layers of kertin-filled, dead cells that continuously shed and are repalced from the layer below

Root hair plexus

Nerve that is stimulated each time the hair is moved.

Sweat Glands-Sudoriferous Glands

Eccrine: raises moisture in the skin (activities)-cool body temp. & elimate waste. 99% water. Apocrine gland- smell, thicker

Sebaceous Glands

Oil(Sebum) gland-Connected to hair folicles by small ducts. Prevents dehydration, soften the skin and hair,slows growth of bacteria

Mammary Glands

Modified apocrine sweat gland.Men nonfunctional.During lactation glandular alveoli produce milk which collects in lobes and passes through lactiferous ducts to the nipple

Eccrine

raises moisture in the skin (activities)-cool body temp. & elimate waste. 99% water.

Ceruminous Glands

Modified apocrine glands found in the external ear canal. Sticky-prevents foreign material and insects from entering Cerumen=Earwax

Alpecia

Hair loss or baldness

Vitiligo

loss of pigmentation in irregular patches

Scleroderma

autoimmune disorder of connective tissue-overproduction of collegen and inflamation.

Lipoma

Benign tumor formed from mature fat cells.-soft,movable-trunk,foroearm,neck

Seborrheic Keratosis

Raised skin leasions-chest,back,neck,face-Benign-

Candidiasis

infection of the skin or mucus membrane-caused by candida albicans(diper rash)= fungal--red,scaly-breasts,finger,toes,groin,axsillae-occur in ear,vagina and mouth-thrush

Psoriasis

Chronic skin condition-red,dry,silvery scales- scalp,elbows,knees,back,buttocks

Atrioventrical

Valves that allow blood to flow into ventricals BUT keep it from returning to the atria

Mitral-Bicuspid (Left Artioventrical)

Valve located between the Left atrium and the Left ventrical

Tricuspid (Right Artioventrical)

Valve located between the Right atrium and the Right Ventrical

Semilunar

Valves control bloodflow out of the ventricals (into the aorta & pulmonary arteries)& prevent backflow of blood into the ventricals. These valves open in response to pressure when blood leaves the ventricals-close when blood pools near valve &closes valve

Aortic

Valve between the Left ventrical and aorta

Pulmonary

Valve between the pulmonary artery and the Right ventrical

Superior vena cava

The vein that returns poorly oxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper venous circulation

Aorta

From the heart to the body- artery that carries oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body

Inferior vena cava

Vein returns oxygen-poor blood from the lower venous circulation to the right atrium

Pulminary veins

4 Veins- 2 from ea.lung- that bring oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium Only vein that carries oxygen-rich blood

Entrainment

is the coordination or synchronization to a rhythum - heart or other body rhythums

Blood volume and flow

Cardiac output amt of blood pumped by LEFT ventrical in one minute= average 5-6L Blood flows fastest in the arteries and moderate in the veins, slowest capillaries.During exercise, oxygen is needed- 20L

Blood flow through the heart- Stage One

Oxygen poor blood from the body enters the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA and flows to the - RIGHT ATRIUM (it fills) The full right atrium empties through the tricuspid valve into the RIGHT VENTRICAL

Blood flow through the heart - Stage Two

full RIGHT VENTRICAL-contracts and pushes to pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery(divides)which sends blood to each lung-blood becomes oxygen rich-moves to-4 pulmonary VEINS to LEFT ATRIUM

Blood flow through the heart- Stage Three

Blood leaves LEFT ATRIUM to LEFT VENTRICAL- fills- thru the aorta valve into the aorta and decending aorta to all parts of the body (not lungs)

Mitral valve

the valve between the left atrium and left ventrical

Dorsalis Pedis Pulse

located at the ankle

Tachycardia

Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute

Bradycardia

heart rate less than 50-60 beats per minute

Baroreceptors

Nerve center in the cardiovascular system. Transmit signals about sudden changes in bp.

Basilar Artery

one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The 2 vertral arteries become the basilar artery

Axillary Artery

Subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery at the clavical

Mesentric Artery

Branch of the abdominal artery that supplies blood to the rectum

Celiac (trunk) Artery

Branch of the abdominal artery- supplies the stomach,spleen,and liver (via the gastric,splenic and hepatic artery

Fermoral Artery

Superficial at the femoral triangle and decends to the posterior adductors

Jugular

Superficial Vein/external (right and left)- drains blood from face,neck and head -empties into the subclavian vein. Deep/internal- drainage from brain to subclavian vein

Portal vein

empties into the liver

Heptic veins

Branch of the inferior vena cava from the liver

Renal veins

Branch of tBranch of the inferior vena cavahe inferior vena cava from the kidneys

Iliac veins

Branch of the inferior vena cava from the continuation of the femoral veins (2)

Azygos system

Lies on the posterior body wall and drains the intercostal veins- empties into the superior vena cava

Brachiocephalic vein

2 veins that stem from the jugular vein to become the superior vena cava

Erythrocytes

an iron-protein compound known as hemoglobin

Monocyte

Largest of the white blood cells but only account for 6% of the total number- unique because they leave the blood and enter the tissues

Thrombocytes

Also called platelets- smallest cellular elements of the blood- important in clotting ans are manufactures in the bone marrow

Aneurysm

Permenant diloation of a vessel due to weakness or damage

Embolus

Plug in the blood stream that may be a clot, plaque, air, gas, fat, tumor cells, tissue, clumps of bacteria

Ishemia

temporary deficiency or disminished supply of blood to the tissue

Hemophilia

Bleeding disorder. VIII (vital clotting factor in blood) is diminshed or lacking. Inherited disease

Arrhythmia

Heart rate may be partially or completely irregular=fast or slow

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain from lack of oxygen supplie to heart.

Fibrin

a special protein that forms and seals the damage blood vessels by trapping red blood cells, platelets and fluid to form clots

Mesenteric Artery

Supplies the small intestent part of the pancreas and half of the colon

Cisterna chyli

Lower end of thoracic duct (lymph)

Peyers Patches

are diffuse lymphoid tissue They are aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum/jejunum in that the number increase further down the intestine

Hodgkins

Painless swelling of the lymph nodes caused by enlarged, mutated macrophanges- usually in the neck and groin

Mononucleosis

Contagious viral infection. Affects the lymphocytes causing an increased number and change in structure.

Leukemia

Cancer of the white blood cells, abnormal cells at a faster rate with a long life span.

Lymphedema

Increase in tissue fluid caused by inflammation of obstruction from scar tissue, parasites or trama.

Lymphomata

A tumor in the lymphatic system

Non Hodgkin primaril and secondary system

cancer of the lymphoid tissue. A grouping of diverse lymphomata that may manifest differently