Basics to Human Geography Chapter 1 - History
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| Geography | the description of the Earth's surface and the people and processes that shape its landscapes
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| Geography | is bound by the physical Earth itself and extends down to the building level scale
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| Greeks | wrote about the Earth being round and established mathematical principles
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| Greeks | established three primary continents in the world
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| Three Primary Continents | Europe, Asia, Libya(Africa)
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| Greek Philosophers | Anaximander, Plato and Aristotle, Erastosthenes
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| Anaximander | first person credited with making a map of the known world at that time
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| Anaximander's Map | was the first scale map of the world. was made from information received from sailors accounts.
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| Innacuracy of Anaximander's Map | considering the small scale portion, due to lack of available information
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| Aristotle and Plato | furthered the beleif that the Earth was round
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| Erastosthenes | credited with first using the term geography to describe this new area of scientific theory
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| Erastosthenes | using two points on the Earth's surface he measured the circumference of the Earth
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| Romans | maps became moree symbols of art and decoration rather than mathematical representations of the Earth's surface
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| Roman Philosopher | Ptolemy
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| Ptolemy | wrote geographica (Guide to Geography)
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| Geographica | gave very detaied descriptions of cities and peoples of the Earth
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| Medieval Period - Europe | was caught in the dark ages
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| Medieval Period - Islamic World | it extended from Northern Africa to India. continued to build upon the foundations the Greeks had laid.
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| Islamic Philosopher | Al-Idrisi
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| Al-Idrisi | constructed a world map that incorporated expanding geographic knowledge on a worlwide scale
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| China | was the center of the world in both science and development.
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| China | Middle Kingdoms
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| Europe's Opportunity | china's isolation which prevented the possibility of further geographical exploration. Allowing Euope to colonize other countries.
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| Chinese Cartographer | Phei Hsiu
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| Phei Hsiu | produced the first map of china
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| Chinese Explorer | Zheng He
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| Zheng He | might have traveled to the coast of Alaska or Russia. After his voyages China shut off its borders to the ouside world
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| The Age of Exploration | Europe became the forefront of geography.
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| Marco Polo | helped Europe take serious notice of the outside world
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| European Cartographer | Gerardus Mercator
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| Gerardus Mercator | the first to produce a world map, that showed with relative accuracy, the general outline of the continents
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| The Modern Period | had two schools of thought founded and two societies
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| Royal Geographic Society | founded in London
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| National Geographic Society | founded in America
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| Two New Schools of Thought | enviornmental determinism and possibilist
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| Environmental Determinism | proposes that cultures are a direct result of where they exist
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| Environmental Determinism | led by Carl Ritter, Ellen Semple, and Elsworth Huntington
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| Environmental Determinsm | warmer climates tend to cause inhabitants to have a more relaxed attitude torward work and progress
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| Environmental Determinism | led to beleive that Europeans and those from a more temperate climate were motivated, intelligent, and more culturally advanced than those from warmer climates
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| Environmental Determinism | is incorrect.
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| Environmental Determinism | school of thought attacked as being prejudicial
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| Possibilist | suggests that humans are not a product of their environment but process the skills to modify their environment to fit human needs
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| Possibilist | approach in which people can determine their outcomes
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| Today and Beyond | geography is dominated by three technologies = GPS, GIS, and Aerial photgraphy
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| GPS | Global Positioning Systems
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| GIS | Geographic Information Systems
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| Aerial Photography | allows geographers to see land use changing over time by comparing pictures of places from years past to the present
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| Global Positioning System | satellite based system that allows us to determine the absolute location of places or geographic features with extreme accuracy with the use of longitude and latitude lines. Allows researchers to collect data quickly
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| Geographic Information Systems | computer hardware and software which allows us to compile and compare data and creates maps where patterns and processes are superimposed
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