Cartilage & Bone
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| Is cartilage vascular or avascular? | avascular
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| Cartilage is made up of what cells? | chondrocytes
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| Cartialge matrix is produced and maintained by what? | chondrocytes
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| The large ratio of GAGS to type II collagen permits what? | diffusion of substances between blood vessels in the surrounding CT and chondrocytes.
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| What is the function of cartilage? | support soft tissue, bear mechanical stress
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| Classification of cartilage is based on what? | the type of fibers
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| Hyaline cartilage contains bundles of _______ collagen, ________ and _______. | type II, proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
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| Elastic cartilage contains _____ fibers. | elastic
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| Fibrous cartilage contains large bundles of _______ collagen. | type I
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| Name the four properties of cartilage. | high tensile strength, low metabolic rate, capacity for continued growth, avascular
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| What is the precursor for cartilage? | mesenchyme
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| Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what? | chondroblasts
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| Chondrocytes become separated and become _______ and ________. | collagen and ground substances
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| Rapid cell division gives rise to _______ _______. | Isogenous groups (chondrocytes)
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| What are the functions of hyaline cartilage? (5 things) | forms embryonic skeleton, precursor for bone, provides low friction surface, lubes synovial joint, distributes applied forces to underlying bone
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| Where is hyaline cartilage found? | respiratory passages, costal cartilages, articular cartilages, thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartialges
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| Hyaline cartialge matrix is highly _________. | hydrated
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| What percentage of the hyaline cartilage matrix weight is water? | 60-80%
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| The perichondrium surrounds what (except at articular surfaces)? | hyaline cartilage
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| How many layers does the perichondrium have and what are they? | 2, outer and inner
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| What is the perichondrium made up of _____ _____ _____ and contains what? | dense irregular CT/ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
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| The outer layer of the perichondrium has what? | lots of type I collagen fibers and fibroblasts
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| Describe the inner layer of the perichondrium. | more cellular, fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells, it gives rise to chondroblasts
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| Is there perichondrium on articular cartilage surface? | no
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| How does nutrients get to the chondrocytes? | diffusion from synovial fluid
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| What are isogenous groups? | clusters of chondrocytes derived from 1 cell
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| What is the function of elastic cartilage? | flexible support
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| Where is elastic cartilage located? | external ear, walls of ext acoustic meatus, auditory tube, epiglottic/corniculate/
cuneiform laryngeal cartilages
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| Elastic cartilage is distinguished by ________ in cartilage matrix. | elastin
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| Does elastic cartilage have perichondrium? | yes
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| What is the function of fibrocartilage? | Firm support with tensile strength, transition between dense CT and hyaline cartilage
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| Where can you find fibrocartilage? | IV discs, pubic symphysis, discs SC and TMJ, lines tendon grooves, menisci, tendon attachment to bone
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| What are the two types of cartilage growth? | appositional and interstitial
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| process that forms new cartilage at the surface of existing cartilage is what? | Appositional cartialge growth
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| process that forms new cartilage within the cartilage mass is what? | interstitial cartilage growth
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| What stimulates chondrocyte growth? | GH, thyroxine, and testosterone
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| What slows chondrocyte growth? | cortisone, hydrocortisone
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| When cartilage is damaged, this is usually produced during the repair process. | dense CT (scar)
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| When hyaline cartilage is calcified it is normally replaced by what? | bone
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| ______ is a specialized CT characterized by a mineralized extracellular matrix. | bone
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| Extracellular matrix is mineralized _______ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. | calcium phosphate
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| Functions of bone include: *hint 5 things | 1) supports body2) protects viscera3) muscle attachment4) hemopoesis5) storage for calcium and phosphate
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| Which is the most common type of collagen in bone? | Type 1
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| Collagen makes up what % of the bone matrix? | 90%
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| The bone matrix is made up of what two things primarily? | 1)Type 1 collagen and 2)ground substance
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| What two things make up ground substance? | 1)GAG and 2)glycoproteins & sialoproteins
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| Spaces within the bone matrix are known as? | lacunae
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| Osteocytes extend cell processes into little tunnels known as? | canaliculi
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| There are no isogenous groups in bone but you do see what distinctive characterstic? | canaliculi
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| What are the different type of tissues found in a bone? * hint 6 | 1) bone tissue2) hemopoietic tissue3) fat tissue4) blood vessels5) nerves6) hyaline cartilage
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| Bone is classified as what two type of bone tissue? | 1) Compact2) Spongy
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| Which tissue makes up 80% of bone tissue? | compact (dense)
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| Which tissue makes up 20% of bone tissue? | spongy (cancellous or trabecular)
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| What are four bone shapes discussed in the bone lecture? | 1) long - longer in one dimension2) short - nearly equal in length & diameter3) flat - thin and plate like4) irregular
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| What are examples of the four bones shapes? | 1) long - tibia2) short - carpal bone3) flat - sternum4) irregular - vertebra
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| Where is the diaphysis located? | long part of the bone
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| Where is the epiphysis located? | very end of the bone
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| Where is the metaphysis located? | between the dia and epi
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| The outer surface of the bone is known as the what? | periosteum
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| Fibers that anchor the tendon into the bone are known as what? | Sharpey's fibers
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| _______ cells = endosteal cells | Osteoprogenitor
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| ______ cells are flattened cells resembling fibroblasts | Endosteal
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| There are two main types of bone marrow.. these are? | 1)Red bone marrow and 2) Yellow bone marrow
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| Red bone marrow contains ______ cells which are associated with filtering blood | reticular
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| Yellow bone marrow can convert to ______ and examples of where to find this are in the ____ and _____ | blood, sternum and iliac crest
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| _______ canals are perforating canals, channels in lamellar bone for blood vessels and nerves from periosteal and endosteal surfaces. | Volkman's
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| Regarding blood supply to the bone, _____ canals provide the major route of entry of blood within compact bone. | Volkman's
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| Regarding blood supply to the bone, bone tissue lacks what type of vessles? | lymphatic
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| _________ cells transform into osteoblast. | Osteoprogenitor
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| ________ are bone forming cells. | Osteoblast
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| Osteoblast are responsible for the calcification of the _____? | matrix
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| ______ is a mature bone cell? | Osteocyte
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| _______ are the biggest of the bone cells? | Osteoclast
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| Osteoclast are responsible for bone _______? | resorption
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| ____ stimulates osteoblast | PTH
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| ____ _____ _____ stimulates osteoclast | osteoclast stimulatiing hormone
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| Factors influencing bone *hint 7 things | 1) parathyroid hormone2) Calcitonin3) Deficiencies in calcium or bone4) Deficiencies in Vit D5) Deficiencies in Vit C6) Deficiencies in Vit A7) Radiation
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| Which factor elevates blood Ca levels? | Parathyroid hormone
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| Which factor lowers blood Ca levels? | Calcitonin
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| What happens if osteoclast exceed osteoblast? | dficiencies in Ca or bone
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| If you had a deficiency in Vit D you might develop ____? | rickets
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| If you have a deficiency in Vit C you might develop ____? | scurvy
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| If you have a deficiency in Vit A you might develop ____ and ____ of your long bones? | fragility, fractures
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| This can destroy bone cells resulting in bone degeneration? *hint involves isotopes | Radiation
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Created by:
txst spr 2009
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