leggett
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| cell membranes are composed primarily of ? | proteins and lipids
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| approximate percentage that is proteins and lipids | 55%protein , 25% phospholipid, 13% cholesterol , 4 % other lipids, and 3% carbohydrates
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| 2 types of lipids | phosopholipids and cholesterol
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| what is meant by lipid bilayer? | fat soluble molecules can pass through it
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| as a general rule is the lipid barrier water soluble? | yes
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| fluid mossiac model | bi layer is fluid not rigid molecules may move latertally
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| most proteins in the cell membrane are? | glycoproteins
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| integral proteins are? | passes all the way through the cm.
channel , enzymes, and carrier proteins
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| peripheral prteins are? | attached only to the surface of the cell membrane.
usually an enzyme
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| endocytosis is? | the movement of molecules into a cell that are too large to enter.
pinocytosis,phagocytosis,and receptor-mediated
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| exocytosis is? | the reverse of endocytosis
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| what 2 general processes do small molecules use to pass through a cell membrane? | diffusion and active transport
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| diffusion is? | the net moveemoent of molecules higher to lower.
3 factors effecting this are: magnitude of cencentration gradient,permability of the cmto the diffusing, and surface area.
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| is a carrier protein required for simple diffusion? | no
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| 2 types of simple diffusion | direct movement through the cm and movement through watery channels
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| do all types of channels use simple diffusion? | yes
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| osmosis is | the flow of water molecule through a selectively permiable membrane from ares of greater to lesser concentration.
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| osmosis conditions | 2 compartments of water, seperated by selectivly permiable membrane, concentration difference
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| will non permiable particle pass through the membrane? | no
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| osmotic preassure | the amount of preassure that must be applies to prevent the flow of water during osmosis
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| what determines the magnitude of osmotic preassure? | concentration of solute to the # of solvent the greater solute the greater OP
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| 3 ways to increase solute concentration? | increase # of particles, decrease # of solvent
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| 2 formulas for concentration? | molarity=moles/liters
osmolarity=osmoles/liters
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| how many molecules of a given compound are there in one mole? | 6.02*10 ^ 23
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| how many in one osmole? | 6.02 * 10^23
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| formula for molarity to osmolarity? | molarity X number of particles/molecule=osm
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| osmolarity | describes the # of particles per liter of solution
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| isomotic | the osmolarity of 2 solutions are the same
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| hyperosmotic | the osm. of the first is greater then the second
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| hyposmotic | the osm of the first is less then the second
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| tonicity | term that describes what happens to the cell volume when the cell is placed in solution
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| tonicity depends on what? | comparisson of osm of the solution to cell and nature of the particles
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| crenation | to shrink
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| hemolysis | to rupture
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| what requires the push for facillitated diffusion? | concentration gradient and carrier protein is needed
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| active transport? | movement of ions or molecules from an area of lesser to greater
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| cotransporter (symport) | same direction
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| counter transporter (antiport) | different directions
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| what are the intrinsic controol mechanisms of cellular metabolism? | genetic regulation, enzyme activity
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| exocrine | enters a tube that lead to a free surface
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| endocrine | goes directly into the blood
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| hormone | chemical substance realeased into blood
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| classification of hormones by structure | dirivapolypeptides and glycoproteins tives of amino acid tyrosine, steroids
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| why do some cells respond to hormones? | b/c of receptors
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| alternate names for ant and post pituitary | adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
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| what controls secretion from endocrine gland? | intrinsic control mechanisms
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| what is meant by down and up regulation? | decrease in # of receptors and increase
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| another name for growth hormone? | somatotropin
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| catabolic effect of GH? | direct effect
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| anabolic effect of GH? | indirect effect
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| somatomedians | insulin like growth factors
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| gigantism | excessive GH in children
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| acromegaly | excessive GH in adults
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| what hormones are produced by thyroid? | t3(active) t4 thyroid hormones TSH
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| t3 causes | stimulates protein synthesis needed for growth premotes developement helps set the basale metabolic rate
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| two regions of adrenal gland | medulla and cortex
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| adrenal gland | releases epinephrine
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| function of aldosterone | helps regulate sodium and potassium
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| whats releases glucagon and the effects | secreated in response to blood glucose levels, glycogenolysis,glucogenesis, and lipolysis
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| what stimulates the release of insulin | increase blood glucose levels,
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| effects of insulin | needed for movement of glucose liver adipose tissue inhibits secretion of glucogen
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| sensitivity to insulin receptors | increased by excersise decreased by obesity and pregnancy
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| symptoms of diabetes | cronic high blood glucose
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| different form of diabetes | insulin dependant and non insulin dependant
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