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Neurology Multiple Sclerosis

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Question
Answer
Underlying Factors of MS   Infectious agent, genetic predisposition, Environmental Factors, abnormal immunologic response.  
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MS definition   an inflammtory demyelinating disorder of the CNS that affects physical, cognitive, psychologic function. Autoimmune. Axonal loss (which is not repairable)  
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MS epidemiology   Mean age of onset: 20-40 years, F:M=2-3:1  
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Common manifestations of MS   optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, paresthesias, ataxia, weakness or incoordination, spasticity, cognitive impairment  
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MS Abnormalities may be found on _______ before symptoms are present   MRI  
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Optic neuritis symptoms   Pain behind eyes, can't move eyes.  
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Onset of MS   comes on over a day or two, may come on and off for weeks. 85% is relapsing MS  
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How does MS affect the brain?   Causes faster shrinkage  
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Secondary Progressive MS   Relapsing --> Progressive MS (occurs after 10 years in 50% of cases)  
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Therapy is most effective in which type of MS?   Relapsing MS. This is early in the disease when the autoimmune inflammation is the major concern. This is what meds can work on  
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Benign MS   Complete recovery between relapses. Uncommon  
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T1 MRI   CSF is black, "black hole" (CSF fluid)  
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T2 MRI   CSF is white. This scan is followed up with a FLARE scan which then turns all of the normal water back to black  
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Areas of active dye   an active lesion right now  
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Diagnosis of MS   Hx: involvement of the CNS "separated in space and time". Exam - evidence of "dissemination in space" CNS manifestations. MRI lesions or plaques, Evoked potentials, CSF - evidence of oligoclonal bands or increased IgG index.  
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Evoked potentials measures   Slowing of information conduction  
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Location for typical MS lesions   Alongside the ventricles (usually oval and perpendicular to it) and in the corpus collosum  
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MS MRIs reveal   Larger ventricles and shrunken brain, and white spots  
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Which is permanent, Demyelination or axonal loss?   Axonal loss.  
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Treatment Options for Relapsing forms of MS   Disease-modifying treatments (IFNs and glatiramer acetate), Immunosuppressive drugs, Corticosteroids. Safe, moderately effective, decrease relapses by 1/3  
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What does the CSF show in MS patients   Oligoclonal bands or increased IgG index  
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