Muscle/ Nervous
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| Skeletal muscle | striated, voluntary
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| Smooth muscle | non-striated, involuntary, single/ multiunit
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| Cardiac muscle | striated, involuntary, autorhythmicity
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| Basic functions of muscle | movement, maintain posture, heat generation
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| Characteristics of muscle | excitability, contract-ability, extensibility, elasticity
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| Sarcolemma | plasma membrane with t-tubules
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| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of muscle cell
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| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | smooth er, calcium ion storehouse
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| Myofibrils | organized proteins responsible for contraction
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| Myofilaments | cytoskeleton
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| I band | light band, thin filaments, myosin
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| A band | dark band, thick filaments, actin
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| Z line | middle
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| H band | center area
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| Myosin properties needed for contraction | -ATP site closely associated with actin binding site
-Position of the myosin
-release of ADP, so muscle can relax & new ATP can bind
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| Troponin- Tropomyosin complex | serve as a switch for muscle contraction and muscle relaxation
tropomyosin must be moved for myosin cross bridges to attach actin- requires ca++
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| Motor unit | a lower motor neuron & all of the skeletal muscle fibers stimulated by branches of its axon, larger units= more force, smaller units= finer degree of neural control
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| Muscle twitch | occurs when muscle is stimulated with a single electric shock, a quick contraction then relaxation
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| Latent period | time stimulus is applied until contraction begins
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| Contraction | beginning of contraction to peak
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| Relaxation | peak to end of contraction
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| All or none | a given response will be produced to its maximum extent in response to any stimulus equal to or greater than threshold response
ex- action potential to twitch
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| Temporal summation | asynchronous contraction, twitches alternate to produce a continuous maintenance of force
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| Spatial summation | recruitment, more cells = more force
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| Elastic components function | smooth out muscle behavior, absorbs some of the tension as a muscle contracts, elastic recoil help muscle return to resting length
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| slow twitch | small, rich in myoglobin (oxygen), sustain aerobic
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| fast twitch | larger, lots of thick & thin, low myoglobin (oxygen), less blood flow, fast to fatigue
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| Golgi tendon organs | can stop a muscle contraction, protective device, senses the tension muscle exerts on its tendons
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| Muscle spindles | senses muscle length, muscle that require the finest degree of control have the most
extrafusal: insert into tendons on each side
intrafusal: several thin muscle cells in connectrive tissue sheath
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| Final common pathway | motor pathway, consisting of the motor neurons by which nerve impulses from many central sources pass to a muscle
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| Smooth muscle cells | filaments in a spiraling pattern, no striations, can stretch greatly, big active range, gap junctions
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| single unit/ multiple unit | single: cells work as a collective group, lots of gap junctions
multiple: each cell functions independently, few gap junctions ex- eye
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