Pronunciation of Terms
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Acquired immunity | Formation of antibodies and lymphocytes after exposure to an antigen.
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Adenoids | Masses of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx.
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Allergen | Substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity in a body; an antigen.
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Allergy | Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen (allergen).
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Anaphylaxis | Exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance.
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Antibody | Protein produced in the bloodstream by lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, such as a bacterium or toxin. Antibodies destroy or weaken antigens.
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Atopy | Intense allergic reaction influenced by hereditary tendency or predisposition.
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Autoimmune disease | Chronic disabling disease caused by the abnormal production of antibodies to normal body tissues; multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus are examples.
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Axillary node | Lymph node under the arm.
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B cell | A lymphocyte that originates in bone marrow and transforms into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies.
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CD4+ cells | Helper T cells that carry the CD4+ protein antigen on their surface.
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Cell-mediated immunity | Type of immune response that involves T cell lymphocytes. These lymphocytes act directly on antigens to destroy them.
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Cervical node | Lymph node in the neck.
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Cytokine | Protein that aids cells to destroy antigens. Examples are interleukins and interferons.
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Cytotoxic T cell | T cell lymphocyte that directly kills foreign cells; T8 cell.
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Dendritic cell | A type of macrophage that captures antigens and presents them to T cells for destruction.
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ELISA | Test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in blood. This is a screening test for AIDS.
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Helper T cell | Lymphocyte that aids a B cell lymphocyte in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody production.
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Hodgkin disease | Malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes.
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HIV | Virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.
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Humoral immunity | Type of immune response in which a B cell lymphocyte transforms into a plasma cell and secretes antibodies.
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Hypersensitivity | Abnormal condition characterized by an exaggerated response of the immune system to an antigen.
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Hypersplenism | Syndrome of spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) and destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
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Immune response | The body’s capability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that can damage tissue and organs.
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Immunoelectrophoresis | Laboratory test that separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE, and IgA).
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Immunoglobulins | Antibodies (proteins) secreted by B-cell lymphocytes (plasma cells).
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Immunosuppression | Blocking or turning off the normal immune response.
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Immunotherapy | Use of immunologic techniques to treat disease.
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Inguinal node | Lymph node in the groin region.
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Interferons | Anti-viral proteins secreted by lymphocytes.
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Interleukins | Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the immune system including B & T cell lymphocytes.
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Interstitial fluid | Fluid that fills the spaces in between cells.
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Kaposi sarcoma | Malignant tumor of skin and connective tissue; associated with AIDS.
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Lymph | Fluid that circulates within lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
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Lymphadenitis | Inflammation of lymph nodes.
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Lymphadenopathy | Disease of lymph nodes.
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Lymph capillaries | Tiny lymph vessels that carry lymph through the body.
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Lymphedema | Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph.
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Lymph node | Mass of stationary lymphatic tissue along the path of lymph vessels.
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Lymphocytes | White blood cells that develop primarily in lymph nodes and the spleen and fight against foreign organisms.
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Lymphocytosis | Increase in numbers of lymphocytes in the bloodstream.
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Lymphocytopenia | Deficiency of lymphocytes.
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Lymphoid organs | Organs containing and derived from lymphatic tissue; spleen, thymus gland and lymph nodes.
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Lymphoma | Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue.
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Lymphopoiesis | Formation of lymphocytes.
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Lymph vessels | Carry lymph throughout the body.
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Macrophage | Large phagocyte found in lymphatic tissues and connective tissues; derived from a monocyte.
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Mediastinal node | Lymph node in the mediastinum (central area between the lungs in the chest).
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Monoclonal antibody | Antibody produced in a laboratory to attack specific antigens.
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Multiple myeloma | Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells (plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins).
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Natural immunity | Person’s own genetic ability to fight off disease. It includes phagocytes and lymphocytes such as natural killer cells.
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Natural killer cell | Lymphocyte that recognizes and destroys foreign cells by releasing proteins called cytokines.
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Malignant tumor of cells (lymphocytes and large macrophages called histocytes) found in lymph nodes and spleen
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Opportunistic infections | Infectious diseases associated with AIDS; toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, herpes simplex, and Pneumocystosis carinii pneumonia (PCP).
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Plasma cell | B cell lymphocyte that secretes antibodies.
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Protease inhibitor (PI) | Drug used to treat AIDS by blocking production of protease, an enzyme that helps HIV to reproduce.
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Retrovirus | Virus that makes copies of itself using the host cell’s DNA, a process that is the reverse of the normal replication mechanism in cells. HIV is a retrovirus.
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Reverse transcriptase | Drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV.
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Right lymphatic duct | Receives lymph from the right side of the body and empties lymph into a vein in the neck.
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Spleen | Organ adjacent to the stomach (in the LUQ) that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells.
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Splenectomy | Removal of the spleen.
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Splenomegaly | Enlargement of the spleen.
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Suppressor T cell | Lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cell lymphocytes.
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T cell | Lymphocyte originating in the thymus gland and destroys antigens by direct action or production of cytokines such as interferons and interleukins.
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Thoracic duct | Large lymphatic vessel in the upper chest.
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Thymectomy | Removal of the thymus gland.
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Thymoma | Malignant tumor of the thymus gland.
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Thymus gland | Lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that produces T cell lymphocytes and aids in the immune response.
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Tonsils | Masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth.
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Toxic | Pertaining to a toxin, which is a poison or harmful substance.
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Toxins | Poison or harmful substance.
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Vaccination | Introduction of a vaccine (containing dead or weakened antigen) to produce immunity. It is a type of acquired immunity.
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Vaccine | Weakened or dead antigens to induce antibody production.
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Viral load test | Measures the amount of HIV in the blood stream.
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Wasting syndrome | Weight loss and decrease in muscle strength, appetite, and mental activity that occurs with AIDS.
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Western blot | Specific test to detect presence of anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream.
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