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Chapter 5- Secutity

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Term
Definition
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)   A symmetric cipher that was approved by the NIST in late 2000 as a replacement for DES.  
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Algorithm   Procedures based on a mathematical formula used to encrypt and decrypt the data.  
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Asymmetric cryptographic algorithm   Cryptography that uses two mathematically related keys.  
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Block cipher   A cipher that manipulates an entire block of plaintext at one time.  
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Blowfish   A block cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks and can have a key length from 32 to 448 bits.  
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Ciphertext   Data that has been encrypted.  
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Cleartext   Unencrypted data.  
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Cryptography   The science of transforming information into a secure form so that unauthorized persons cannot access it.  
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Data Encryption Standard (DES)   A symmetric block cipher that uses a 56-bit key and encrypts data in 64-bit blocks.  
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Decryption   The process of changing ciphertext into plaintext.  
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Diffie-Hellman (DH)   A key exchange that requires all parties to agree upon a large prime number and related integer so that the same key can be separately created.  
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Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral (DHE)   A Diffie-Hellman key exchange that uses different keys.  
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Digest   The unique digital fingerprint created by a one-way hash algorithm.  
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Digital signature   An electronic verification of the sender.  
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Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)   An algorithm that uses elliptic curves instead of prime numbers to compute keys.  
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Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)   A Diffie-Hellman key exchange that uses elliptic curve cryptography instead of prime numbers in its computation.  
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Encryption   The process of changing plaintext into ciphertext.  
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Ephemeral key   A temporary key that is used only once before it is discarded.  
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GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)   Free and open-source software that is commonly used to encrypt and decrypt data.  
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Hardware Security Module (HSM)   A secure cryptographic processor.  
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Hash   An algorithm that creates a unique digital fingerprint.  
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Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)   A hash function that is applied to both the key and the message.  
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In-band   Exchanging secure information within normal communication channels.  
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Key   A mathematical value entered into a cryptographic algorithm to produce encrypted data.  
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Key exchange   The process of sending and receiving secure cryptographic keys.  
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Message Digest (MD)   A common hash algorithm with several different versions.  
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Message Digest 5 (MD5)   The current version of MD.  
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Non-repudiation   The process Of proving that a user performed an action.  
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One-time pad (OTP)   Combining plaintext with a random key to create cipher text that cannot be broken mathematically.  
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Out-of-band   Exchanging secure information outside the normal communication channels.  
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Perfect forward secrecy   Public key systems that generate random public keys that are different for each session.  
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Plaintext   Cleartext data that is to be encrypted and decrypted by a cryptographic algorithm.  
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Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)   A commercial product that is commonly used to encrypt files and messages.  
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Private key   An asymmetric encryption key that does have to be protected.  
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Private key cryptography   Cryptographic algorithms that use a single key to encrypt and decrypt a message.  
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Public key   An asymmetric encryption key that does not have to be protected.  
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Public key cryptography   Cryptography that uses two mathematically related keys.  
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Quantum cryptography   A type of asymmetric cryptography that attempts to use the unusual and unique behavior of microscopic objects to enable users to securely develop ,and share keys.  
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RACE Integrity Primitives Evaluation Message Digest (RIPEMD)   A hash algorithm that uses two different and independent parallel chains of computation and then combines the result at the end of the process.  
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RC4   An RC stream cipher that will accept keys up to 128 bits in length.  
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RSA   The most common asymmetric cryptography algorithm.  
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Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)   A secure hash algorithm that creates more secure hash values than Message Digest (MD) algorithms.  
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Sponge function   A cryptographic function that applies a process on the input that has been padded with additional characters until all characters are used.  
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Steganography   Hiding the existence of data within another type of file.  
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Stream cipher   An algorithm that takes one character and replaces it with one character.  
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Symmetric cryptographic algorithm   Encryption that uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt a message.  
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Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)   A symmetric cipher that was designed to replace DES.  
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Trusted Platform Module (TPM)   A chip on the motherboard of the computer that provides cryptographic services.  
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Twofish   A derivation of the Blowfish algorithm that is considered to be strong.  
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Whole disk   encryption Cryptography that can be applied to entire disks.  
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