Cyndi's Chapter Twelve- Nationals
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| Breathing | A mechanical action of inhalation and exhalation that draws oxygen into lungs and releases cabon dioxide into the atmosphere
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| External Respiration | exchange of oxygen and carbon dioide between the lungs and the blood stream
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| Internal Respiration | The exchange of gases between the tissues and blood
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| Egestion | Removal of undigested food
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| Septum | Separates the nasal cavity from right and left
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| Nares | The nostrils or nasal passages. Nares is the Latin plural of naris, meaning nostril.
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| Ethmoid | The ethmoid bone (from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.
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| Sinuses | 4 air filled spaces that open the nose. Located in frontal,ethmoid,shenoid & maxillary bones. Lined w/ mucus to lighten skull weight & helps in production of sound
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| Alveoli | air sacs in lungs
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| Epiglottis | A flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing
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| Bronchioles | Bronchioles are small branches of the airways in your lungs.
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| Lobes | a usually somewhat rounded projection or division of a bodily organ or part
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| Bronchodilation | a widening of the lumen of the bronchi, allowing increased airflow to and from the lungs
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| Bronchoconstriction | : constriction of the bronchial air passages
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| Pneumothorax | a condition in which air or other gas is present in the pleural cavity and which occurs spontaneously as a result of disease or injury of lung tissue, rupture of air-filled pulmonary cysts, or puncture of the chest wall= collapse the lung
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| Hypervenentilation | Overbreathing is the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary,
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| Phrenic nerve | Located @ C3 The phrenic nerve is made up mostly of motor nerve fibres for producing contractions of the diaphragm
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| External Intercostals | Muscles create a vaccume in the thorax that lower ribs are lifted up and out
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| Tuberculosis | caused by a bacterium, communicated by inhalation of the airborne causative agent, affects especially the lungs but may spread to other areas from local lesions or by way of the lymph or blood vessels- contagious
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| Hayfever | an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal
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| Emphysema | characterized by air-filled expansions in interstitial or subcutaneous tissues; a condition of the lung that is marked by distension and eventual rupture of the alveoli with progressive loss of pulmonary elasticity,
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| Cystic Fibrosis | appears usually in early childhood, is inherited as an autosomal recessive monogenic trait, involves functional disorder of the exocrine glands, and is marked especially by faulty digestion difficulty in breathing due to mucus accumulation in airways
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| Peritoneum | the smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen,
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| Gastrointestinal tract | the stomach and intestine as a functional unit
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| Omentum | a fold of peritoneum connecting or supporting abdominal structures (as the stomach and liver)
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| Mesentery | one or more vertebrate membranes that consist of a double fold of the peritoneum and invest the intestines and their appendages and connect them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity;
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| Amylase | Found in saliva, to help break down carbohydrates
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| Rugae | folds in the stomach that expand when food is ingested
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| Bolus | A small mass of chewed food
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| Chyme | the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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| Pylorus | the opening from the stomach into the intestine
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| Illeum | The last 12'of the sm.intest.-connects to lg.@ the ileocecal valve. absorbsion of food to the blood stream % lymph system is it's major function
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| Duodenum | shortest portion-10" of sm. intest. C-shaped curve circles the head of the pancreas-connects to jejunum. ducts from the liver,gallbladder and pancreas enter this area
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| Jejunum | 7-8' center of sm. intest. has blood vessels, lymph and nerves in peritoneum/mesentery. These glands provide secreation for digestion-primary function and absorption
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| Mesentery | one or more membranes that consist of a double fold of the peritoneum invest the intestines and their appendages connecting them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity
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| Liver | digestive organ that also detoxifies the blood,protein metabolisum, breaks down fat,removes glucose,secrets bile,stores A,B12,D,E.K,iron,copper and destroys old red/white blood cells (3lbs)
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| Gallbladder | 3-4" lies under surface of liver. Stores and concentrates bile and releases it to sm. intest. by cystic duct
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| Pancreas | 5" by 1" long lies behind stomach and connets to the duodenum by 2 pancreatic ducts. mostly an endorcine gland=producing digestive emzymes, secrete homrmones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. (islet of Langerhans)
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| Islet of Langerhans | small slightly granular endocrine cells that form among the tubules and alveoli of the pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon
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| Stomach | J shaped-empty's to the duodenum.Recieves bolus from esophagus & continues the digestive process. Contains rugae & gastic glands secrete hormone gastrin/juices=hydrochloric acid,smzymes,mucus,H2O&creates chyme.
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| Lg Intestine | Muscular tube 4-5'long & 2'wide. reabsorbs water, electrolytes, manufacturing vitamins form and store feces until defecation.
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| Cecum | receives the digestive matter from the ileum of the sm. intestine
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| Appendix | contains lymphatic tissue - function not clear
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| Acending Colon | Right side of abdomen to the under side of the liver- curves towards the left- also known as the Hepatic Flexure
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| Transverse colon | across the abdomen from hepatic flexture to the spleen- where it turns down is called the splenic flexture
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| Decending Colon | extends down the left side of the abdomen from the splenic flexture to the top of the iliac crest
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| Sigmoid colon | S- shaped curve beginning at the left iliac crest & continues to the middle of the abdomen where it connects the decending colon to the rectum
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| Rectum | 5-6" continuation of the sigmoid colon
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| Anal Canal | last few inches of the rectum and ends at the anus- sphincter muscle of smooth and skeletal muscle that controls the involuntary and voulentary elimination of feces
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| Diverticular disease | sm. sac like outpouchings of the intestinal wall in weak areas of the colon where vessels are located- usually in sigmoid
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| Diverticulosis | multiple diverticula are present
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| Diverticulitis | multipule diverticula are present, inflamed, infected
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| Cirrhosis | An abnormal liver condition characterized by irreversible scarring of the liver
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| Gastritis | Inflammation of the stomach. From the Latin gastricus meaning stomach + -itis, meaning inflammation
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| Appendicitis | Inflammation of the appendix,usually involves infection of the appendix by bacteria that invade it and infect the wall of the appendix
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| Hepatitis | Hepatitis is most often viral, due to infection with one of the hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E)The main nonviral causes of hepatitis are alcohol and drugs. -contagous
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| Reflux esophagitis | a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates into the esophagus.
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| Irritable bowel syndrome | functional disease-applies to the muscular organs of the gastrointestinal tract; the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, and colon,is that either the muscles of the organs or the nerves that control the organs are not working normally
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| Hernia | a protrusion of soft tissue through a tear or weak spot in the muscle wall- commonly in the abdomen
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| Hiatal hernia | the intestines bulge through an opening in the diaphram
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| Inguinal hernia | bulging of the sbdominal organs or the inguinal canal
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| Reducible hernia | the buldge can be pushed back thru the opening
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| Irreducible hernia | can not be repaired- an obstruction or strangulation = creates a medical emergency
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| Micturation | To urinate. The verb "micturate" (like the noun "micturation") comes from the Latin "micturire" meaning "to want to urinate."-parasympathetic
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| Detrusor | the muscle that contracts and relaxes the sphincter during urination
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| Cysitis | infalmation of the medulla of the kidney
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| Bartholin gland | secretes a lubricating fluid in the female external genitalia
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| Gonorrhea | sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria- infects the uretha
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| Syphilis | STD- bacterial infection sexually transmitted or from mother to baby
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| Herpes 1 | DNA virus infects the upper body
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| Herpes 2 | DNA virus infects the lower body- genital
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| Lactation | Mammary glands provide nutrition for the baby- transfer antibodies from mother to baby
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| Ectopic pregnancy | fetus fails to implant in the uterus and starts to develope in the fallopian tubes
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