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| Mitosis |
Cell division in which the cell duplicates it’s DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells |
| Interphase: |
The period during which a cells grows and carries on its activities |
| Catabolism: |
Chemical processes in the body that releases energy as complex compounds are broken down into simpler ones |
| Anabolism: |
Chemical processes in the body that joins a simple compounds to form more complex compounds of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The processes require energy supplied from adenosine triphosphate |
| ATPAdenosine Triphosphate: |
A compound that stores energy in the muscles. When ATP is broken down during catabolic reactions, it releases energy. |
| Matrix: |
The basic substance between the cells of a tissue. Matrix is composed of amorphous ground substance consisting of molecules that expand when the water molecules and electrolytes bind to them. As much as 90% of connective tissue is ground substance. |
| Fibroblast |
cell type, matrix and fibers of connective tissue |
| Chondroblast |
matrix and fibers of cartilage |
| Hemoblast: |
matrix and fibers of blood |
| Basement Membrane |
A permeable membrane that attaches epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissues |
| Meiosis |
A type of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half a normal number of chromosomes, forming two reproductive cells |
| Gross Anatomy |
The study of the body structures visible to the naked eye |
| Regional Anatomy |
The study of the structures of a particular are of the body |
| Anatomy: |
The study of the structures of the body and the relationships of its parts |
| Physiology |
The study of the processes and the functions of the body involved in supporting life. Characteristics of life involve physiology |
| Systemic Anatomy: |
The study of the structure of the particular body system |
| Yin |
Famine- Earth –winter-midnight-stillness-space-night-Darkness-cold-contraction-interior-falling-condensation-autum/dusk= balances Yang |
| Yang: |
Masculine-Heaven-summer-midday-time-activity-say-light-heat-expansion-exterior-rising-rarification-spring/dawn=balances Yin |
| Qi: |
Ki= Japanese Chi=China Qi=China Energy-all things considered to be manifestations of a vital universal force. Ki is also synonymous with breath. In oriental medicine, harmony of Ki within the human body is conceived as being essential to health |
| Metabolism |
Chemical processes in the body that convert food and air into energy to support growth, distribution of nutrients, and elimination of wasteThe chemical level of the structure of the body is often where homeostasis begins to break down and disease begin |
| ConductivityInteraction: |
When chemical bonds are broken and new ones are formed |
| Organelles: |
The basic components of a cell that perform specific functions within the cell |
| Mitochondria: |
Cell organelles of rod or oval shape that provides energy for cellular activity |
| Differentiation |
When a cell is able to perform a specialized function, the structure is modified. |
| Cytosol: |
The fluid that surrounds the the nucleus or organelles inside the cell membrane |
| Hypertrophy |
An increase in the size of a cell which results in a increase in the size of a body part or organ |
| Atrophy: |
A decrease in the size of a part or organ caused by a decrease in the size of a cell |
| Serous Membranes: |
line cavities not open to the external environments and many organs Skin is the largest cutaneous membrane |
| Connective Tissue |
The most abundant type of tissue in the body, connective tissue supports and holds together the body and it’s parts, protects the body from foreign matter and is organized to transport substances throughout the body:Dence regular: found in tendon/ligament |
| AreolarConnectiveTissue: |
has a high vascularity, unlike the other types mentioned, which have limited blood flow |
| Osteoblast: |
Cell type found in the connective tissue matrix that secretes bone |
| HyalineCartlidge: |
Is found at the ends of bones in synovial joints such as the hip and knee and is subject to damage from repetitive movement.The Asian healing theory of the law of five elements relates best to organs |
| Osmosis: |
Diffusion of water from a region of lower concentration of solutions to a region of higher concentration of solution across the semipermeable membrane of a cell |
| Lipids: |
Organic compounds that have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms but in a different proportion than that of carbohydrates 10-12% of body weight-they are water soluable and have to be transported in the blood-when lipid |
| Homeostasis: |
The relatively constant state of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by adaptive responses- chemical reaction |
| Lysosomes: |
Cell organelle that is part of the intracellular digestive system These enzymes are enclosed in the membranes to keep them from breaking down the cell. |
| Protein: |
Substances formed from amino acids 20% of body weight. Chain of organic molecules – amino acids. All proteins contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. In plasma used to transport gasses and hormones. Antibodies and hormones are proteins too. |
| Tissues: |
A group of similar cells combined to perform a common function |
| Muscle tissue: |
A specialized form of tissue that contracts and shortens to provide movement, maintain posture, and produce heat |
| NervousTissue |
A specialized tissue that coordinates and regulates body activity. It can develop more excitability and conductivity than other types of tissue |
| Responsiveness: |
The ability to sense, monitor, and respond to change in the external environment |
| Conductivity: |
The movement of energy from one point to another |
| Atom: |
Small part of an element -substance composed of a single kind of atom. A stable atom has equal electron to protons. |
| Protons: |
Positive charge- yang. Form the nucleus of an atom, attract electrons |
| Neutron: |
Neutral. Form the nucleus of an atom, attract electron |
| Electron: |
Negative charge- yin. They travel around the nucleus. They bond atoms to make a molecule |
| Molecule: |
One or more atom |
| Compound: |
Substances made up of different types of atoms |
| Chemical Bond |
A chemical reaction is the stability of the outer shell of the atom where the electrons are stored and orbit the atom. If the shell is full it does not react chemically. |
| Ionic bond: |
An atom can gain or lose electrons to fill or empty its outer shell. Important for nerve and brain function |
| Electrolytes |
Soluble negatively charged molecules with ions that conduct electrical currents. |
| Covalent Bond |
2 or more atoms share electrons- the most stable kind of association that atoms can form with one another. Example= CO2 |
| Polar CovalentBond: |
Electrically neutral= equal protons/neutrons but they are arranged in the shell so one side is positive the other negative. |
| pH: |
measure of hydrogen ion concentrate of the body fluid. |
| Organic Compounds: |
have the elements; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1)carbohydrates, 2) proteins, 3) fats/lipids,4)nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates: |
2-3% of body weight, supply most of the energy for cells. Simple sugars dissolve in water. Complex sugars need to be digested to break down |
| Nucleic acid: |
Major component of ova and sperm and conveys information about the genetic cycle. 2 Types- DNA and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Ribosomes: |
most numberous organelles- site where amino acids are combined to create various proteins |
| Fibrocartlidge: |
composed of large amts of dense fibrous tissue and small amounts of matrix mainly found in the symphysis pubis, intervertebral disks and tendon attachments. It can withstand compression, impact forces and diffuses the forc |
| Elastic cartlidge: |
flexible fiber- flexible and supportive= external ear and larynx |
| Smooth muscle fibers |
Muscle fibers that are neither striated nor voluntary. These cells regulate blood flow, propel food through the gut, and squeeze secretions from glands. |
| Exocytosis |
The movement of substances out of a cell. |
| Membrane |
A thin, sheetlike layer of tissue that covers a cell, an organ, or some other structure; that lines a tube or a cavity; or that divides or separates one part from another. |
| Cytoskeleton |
A framework of proteins inside the cell providing flexibility and strength. |
| Active transport |
The transport of substances into or out of a cell using energy. |
| Hypertrophy |
An increase in the size of a cell, which results in an increase in the size of a body part or organ. |
| Energy |
The capacity to work, and work is movement or a change in the physical structure or matter. |
| Skeletal muscle fibers |
Large, cross-striated cells that are connected to the skeleton and under voluntary control of the nervous system. |
| Phospholipid bilayer |
Cell membrane made up of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. |
| Passive tranport |
Transportation of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy. |
| Ion Pumps |
Carriers that transport substances into or out of a cell using energy |
| Microvilli |
Small projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell. |
| Phagocytosis |
The process of endocytosis followed by digestion of the vesicle contents by enzymes present in the cytoplasm. |
| Basal Surface |
The tissue surface that faces the inside of the body. |
| Cell |
The basic structural unit of a living organism. It contains a nucleus and cytoplasm and is surrounded by a membrane. |
| Piezoelectric |
quality of bones that allow them to drform slightly&vibrate when electrical current pass thru them and to produce minute electric current when compressed or deformed. |
| Apical surface |
the surface of epithelial cells that is exposed to the external enviroment |
| Collagen |
Protein substance composed of small fibrils that combine to create the connective tissue of faciae, tendons&lig.'s. Combined w/ H2O forms gelatin. Constitutes 1/4 of protein in the body |
| Collagenous fibers |
Strong fibers w/ little capasity for stretch. High degree of tensile strength allowing them to withstand longitudinal stress |
| Cytoplasm |
material enclosed by the cell |
| Diffusion |
movements of ions and molecules from a higher concentration to that of a lower concentration |
| DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid |
genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical blueprint of the body |
| Elastic fibers |
connective tissue fibers that are extensible and elastic. Made of protein called elastin which returns to it's original length after being stretched |
| Element |
substance containing a single kind of atom |
| Endocytosis |
Cellular process of engulfing particals located outside the cell membrane into a cell forming vesicles |
| Endoplasmic reticulum |
network of intracellular membranes in the form of tubes that is connected to the necular membrane |
| Epthelial tissue |
tissue that covers and protects the surface of the body and it's parts, line body cavities and form glands. usually found in areas that move substances into/out of the body during secretion,absorb.& excretion |
| High energy bonds |
convalent bonds created in specific organic substrates in the presents of emzymes |
| Impermeable |
the quality of not permitting entry of a substance |
| Membrane |
thin layer of tissue that covers a cell, organ or some other structure that lines a tube or cavity or that divides/separates one part from another |
| Metabolites |
molecules synthesized/broken down inside the body by chemical reaction |
| Mitochondria |
cell organelles of rod or oval shape that provide energy for cellular activity |
| Nutrients |
essential elements and molecules obtained from the diet that are required by the body for normal body function |
| Reticular fibers |
delicate, connective tissue fibers that occur in networks and support sm. structures-capillaries,nerve,fibers,and the basement membrane. Made of specialized type of collagen called reticulin |
| Ribonucleic acid RNA |
a type of nucleic acid |
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