Review cell structure and the function carried out by these structures.
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| The primary four elements that make up a cell. | carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen
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| The three main regions of a cell. | nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
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| The three recognizable regions of the nucleus. | nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleoli
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| Where ribosomes are assembled. | nucleoli
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| DNA combined with protein; forms a loose network of bumpy threads. | chromatin
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| Part of the cell that contains DNA. | nucleus
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| Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment. | plasma membrane
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| Projections that increase the cells surface area for absorption. | microvilli
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| The 3 types of cell junctions. | tight, desmosomes, gap
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| Impermeable junction that binds cells together like a zipper. | tight
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| Anchoring junction that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart. Buttonlike. | desmosomes
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| Junction that forms mainly to allow communication between cells. | gap
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| The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. *Hint: the factory area | cytoplasm
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| The cytoplasm contains what three main elements? | cytosol, organelles, inclusions
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| The metabolic machinery of the cell. | organelles
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| The semi-transparent fluid that suspends the other elements. | cytosol
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| Chemical substances that may or may not be present (lipid droplets, glycogen granules, pigment, mucus, crystals, etc.) | inclusions
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| Enzymes in this organelle carry out the reactions in which oxygen is used to break down foods. Forms ATP. | mitochondria
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| The actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell. | ribosomes
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| Mini-circulatory system for the cell. Forms channels for carrying substances (primarily proteins) from one part of the cell to another. | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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| What makes rough ER rough? | The ribosomes that stud the sides.
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| The cells "membrane factory". Proteins made on the ribosomes are transported and folded into their functional shapes and dispatched. | rough ER
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| Plays no role in protein synthesis. Functions in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of drugs and pesticides. | smooth ER
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| Organelle that modifies and packages proteins for transport. *Hint: the traffic director | Golgi apparatus
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| Membranous "bags" that contain powerful digestive enzymes. Disposes of bacteria and cell debris. *Hint: the demolition site | lysosome
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| Use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or poisonous substances. "Disarm" free radicals. | peroxisomes
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| The cells "bones and muscle". An elaborate network of proteins providing an internal framework. | cytoskeleton
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| Generate microtubules. During cell division, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle. | centriols
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| Whip-like extensions that move substances along the cells surface. | cilia
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| The flagellum is a specialized version of ______ found only on the sperm. | cilia
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| The two types of cells that connect body parts. | fibroblast, erythrocyte
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| Cell that covers and lines body organs. | epithelial
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| The two types of cells that move organs and body parts. | skeletal muscle, smooth muscle
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| Cell that stores nutrients. | fat cell
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| Cell that fights disease. | macrophage
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| Cell that gathers information and controls body functions. | nerve cell (neuron)
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| The two cells of reproduction. | oocyte, sperm
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| A homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components. | solution
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| The substance present in the largest amount in a solution. | solvent
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| The components of a solution found in smaller quantities than the solvent. | solutes
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| Fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells. | interstistal fluid
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| The types of passive transport. | diffusion (osmosis if water), filtration
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| Unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane. | simple diffusion
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| Type of diffusion in which protein membrane channels are used to transport solutes. | facilitated diffusion
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| Law of diffusion. | Molecules move down their concentration gradient.
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| The process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure. | filtration
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| Uses ATP to energize its protein carriers, or solute pumps, to move materials against the concentration gradient. | active transport
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| The 2 types of vesicular tranport in which substances are moved into or out of the cell without actually crossing the plasma membrane. | endocytosis, exocytosis
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| The process by which cells actively secrete hormones, mucus, other cell products, or cellular waste. Uses ATP. | exocytosis
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| Includes the ATP-requiring processes that take up, or engulf, extracellular substances. | endocytosis
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| Version of endocytosis in which the particles are relatively large such as bacteria or dead body cells. | phagocytosis (cell eating)
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| The process by which cells "drink". | pinocytosis
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| Version of endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptor proteins bind only with certain substances. | receptor-mediated endocytosis
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| The 6 phases of cell division. | interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
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| The division of the cytoplasm during cell division. | cytokenesis
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| Cell division stage at which the chromosomes cluster and become aligned at the center of the spindle. | metaphase
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| Defined as a DNA segment. | gene
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| Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the cells. | enzymes
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| Differs from DNA in that it is single stranded. | RNA
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| Involves the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA. | transcription
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| In this phase of protein synthesis, the "language" of nucleic acids is translated into the "language" of proteins by various forms of RNA. | translation
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