Planes and directional terms of movement.
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| Sagittal Plane | Divides the body in left and right halves.
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| Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) | Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
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| Transverse Plane | Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
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| Cranial | Closer to the head. Used when referring to structures in the trunk.
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| Caudal | Closer to the buttocks. Used when referring to structures in the trunk.
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| Posterior | Towards the back of the body.
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| Anterior | Towards the front of the body.
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| Medial | Towards the midline of the body.
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| Lateral | Further away from the midline.
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| Distal | Farther away from the trunk. Arms and legs only.
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| Proximal | Closer to the trunk. Arms and legs only.
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| Superficial | Closer to the surface of the body.
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| Deep | Farther away from the surface of the body.
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| Ventral | Same as anterior, coronal, etc.
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| Dorsal | Same as posterior.
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| Extension | Movement that straightens or opens a joint.
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| Flexion | Movement that bends a joint or brings the bones closer together.
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| Adduction | Brings a limb medially toward the body's midline.
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| Abduction | Moves limb laterall away from the midline.
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| Medial Rotation | Sometimes referred to as internal rotation. Shoulder and hip joints only. Turns the limb inward toward the midline.
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| Lateral Rotation | Sometimes referred to as external rotation. Swings the limb away from the midline.
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| Rotation | Axial skeleton only. Movement of the head and vertebral column along the transverse plane.
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| Circumduction | Shoulder and hip joints only. Cone shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
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| Prone | The position of lying faced down on the table.
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| Supine | The position of lying face up.
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| Sidlying | Lying on your side.
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| Lateral Flexion | Axial skeleton only. Example: head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side.
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| Supination*Hint: carrying soup. | Pivoting action of the forearm which results in the palm facing upward.
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| Pronation | Pivoting action of the forearm that results in the palm facing downward.
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| Opposition | Thumb only. Occurs when the thumb crosses the palm toward the "pinkie" finger.
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| Inversion*Hint: INward. | Joints of the feet. Elevates the foot's medial side and brings the sole of the foot medially.
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| Eversion | Joints of the feet. Elevates the foots lateral side and moves the sole laterally.
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| Plantar Flexion*Hint: it would really hurt to do this with plantar warts. | Releve position in dance.
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| Dorsiflextion | Opposite of plantar flexion. Example: picking your toes and ball of foot, balancing on your heels.
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| Protraction*Hint: PROtrude. | Scapula, clavical, head, jaw. Occurs when one of these structures moves anteriorly.
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| Retraction*Hint: RETReat | Scapula, clavical, head, jaw. Occurs when one of these structures moves posteriorly.
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| Elevation | Scapula and jaw. Movement superiorly.
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| Depression*Hint: dePRESSion | Scapula and jaw. Movement inferiorly.
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