| Question |
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| Answer |
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| What is the primary function of the atlas' two concave facet surfaces? |
Supports the weight of the skull |
| What joint is formed by the atlas and the head? |
Atlanto-occipital joint |
| What is the name of the superior projection of the axis? |
The dens |
| What forms the atlanto-axial joint? |
The articulation between the anterior arch of the atlas and the dens |
| What passes through the unique cervical transverse foramen? |
The vertebral arteries |
| What are the five main ligaments of the cervical spine? |
ant. and post. longitudinal ligaments(reinforce spinal column,run from cervical to the lumbar), ligamentum nuchae(triangular septum is broad area for muscle attachment),interspinous ligaments(occupy space between foramen), ligamentum flavum(connect lamina |
| What nerve roots form the brachial plexus? |
C5-T1 |
| What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus? |
Upper (C5 and C6), Middle (C7), Lower (C8 and T1) |
| How many divisions are there in the brachial plexus? |
6. One anterior and one posterior from each trunk |
| What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus? |
Lateral (anterior upper and middle), Posterior (posterior from all three divisions), and Medial (anterior lower) |
| What are the 4 major extrinsic muscles of the cervical spine? |
Trapezius (upper one-third), Levator scapulae, Sternocleidomastoid, and Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior) |
| What 4 things should be inspected when dealing with cervical injury? |
Cervical curvature, Position of the head on the shoulders, Bilateral soft tissue comparison, and Level of the shoulders |
| What 7 structures should be palpated on the anterior cervical spine? |
Hyoid bone, Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Carotid artery, Lymph nodes |
| What 4 structures should be palpated on the posterior and lateral cervical spine? |
Occiput and superior nuchal line, Transverse processes, Spinous processes, Trapezius |
| Define hyperreflexia. |
Increased action of the reflexes |
| What is the name of the most superficial passage of the brachial plexus? |
Erb's point |
| What three nerve roots of the brachial plexus have reflexes and where can they be tested? |
C5 (biceps brachii), C6 (brachioradialis), C7 (triceps brachii) |
| What defines a positive Babinski test? |
The great toe extends and the other toes splay. |
| What does a positive Babinski test implicate? |
Upper motor leison, especially in the pyramidal tract, caused by brain or spinal cord trauma or pathology |
| What defines a positive Oppenheim test? |
The great toe extends and the other toes splay or the patient reports hypersensitivity to the test. |
| What does a positive Oppenheim test implicate? |
Upper motor neuron leison caused by brain or spinal cord trauma or pathology |
| What are the pain characteristics for a brachial plexus trauma? |
Pain in the trapezius and deltoid, radiating into the arm. |
| What is the MOI for a Brachial plexus stretch? |
Lateral bending of the cervical spine and depression of the opposite shoulder, resulting in tension on the brachial plexus; symptoms occur on the side opposite the lateral bend. |
| What is the MOI for a Brachial plexus compression? |
Lateral bending of the cervical spine, resulting in the entrapment of the cervical nerve roots; symptoms occur on the side toward the lateral bend. |
| What are the pain characteristics for a cervical nerve root compression injury? |
Commonly lower cervical vertebrate (C4 to C7); symptoms possibly radiating into the trapezius, scapula, shoulder, arm, wrist, and hand. |
| What is the MOI for a cervical nerve root compression injury? |
Compression or irritation of the associated nerve root (or roots). |
| What defines a positive Brachial plexus traction test? |
Pain radiating through the upper arm. |
| What does a positive Brachial plexus traction test implicate? |
Radiating pain on the side of opposite the lateral bending: tension (stretching) of the brachial plexus. Radiating pain on the side toward the lateral bending: compression of the cervical nerve roots between two vertebrate. |
| Define herniation. |
The protrusion of a tissue through the wall that normally contains it. |
| Define patency. |
The state of being freely open. |
| Define nystagmus. |
An uncontrolled side to side movement of the eyes. |
| What defines a positive shoulder abduction test? |
Decrease in the patient's symptoms secondary to decreased tension on the involved nerve root. |
| What does a positive shoulder abduction test implicate? |
Herniated disc or nerve root compression. |
| What defines a positive cervical compression test? |
The patient experiences pain in the upper cervical spine, upper extremity, or both. |
| What does a positive cervical compression test implicate? |
Compression of the facet joints and narrowing of the intevertebral foramen resulting in pain. |
| What defines a positive spurling test? |
Pain radiating down the patient's arm. |
| What does a positive spurling test implicate? |
Nerve root impingement by narrowing of the neural foramina. |
| What defines a positive cervical distraction test? |
The patient's symptoms are relieved or reduced. |
| What does a positive cervical distraction test implicate? |
Compression of the cervical facet joints and/or stenosis of the neural foramina. |
| What defines a positive vertebral artery test? |
Dizziness, confusion, nystagmus, unilateral pupil changes, nausea. |
| What does a positive vertebral artery test implicate? |
Occlusion of the cervical vertebral arteries. |
mr. charles11
