AP Bio Chapter 20
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| recombinant DNA | DNA in which genesfrom two different sources are linked
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| genetic engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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| biotechnology | the manipulation of organisms or their components to perform practical tasks or provide useful products
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| gene cloning | well defined gene-sized pieces of DNA in multiple identical copies
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| restrictive enzymes | protect bacteria from intruding DNA from other organisms, they cut out foreign sequences
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| restriction site | a recognition DNA sequence
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| restriction fragments | the cut pieces of DNA molecules that are reproducible
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| sticky end | double stranded DNA fragments with at least one single stranded end
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| DNA ligase | an enzyme which seals the strands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
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| cloning vector | the original plasmid containing DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there
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| nucleic acid bybridization | the base pairing between the gene and a complimentary sequence on another nucleid acid molecule
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| nucleic acid probe | the complimentary molecule, a short single stranded nucleic acid that can be either RNA or DNA
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| denaturation | the separation of the two strands
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| expression vector | a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted
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| complementary DNA or cDNA | DNA transcripts of RNA which codes for a gene but no introns
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| artificial chromosomes | combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosome
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| electroporation | when a brief electrical pulse is applied to a solution containing cells to create temporary holes to allow DNA to enter
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| genomic library | the complete set of thousands of recombinant plasmid clones each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
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| cDNA library | only part of a cell's genome-only the genew that were transcribed in the starting cells
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| PCR (polymerase chain reaction) | a technique by which any piece of DNA can quickly be amplified without usuing cells
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| gel electrophoresis | separates macro molecules on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties
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| Southern Blotting | reveals not only whether a particular sequence s present in a sample of DNA but also the restriction fragments that contain the sequence
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| restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) | can serve as a genetic marker for a particular locus in the genome, detected by Southern Blotting
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| in situ hybridization | a radioactive probe is allowed to base pair with complimentary sequences in the denatured
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| Human Genome Project | this is an international effort to map the entire human genome, ultimately determining the complete nucleiotide sequences of the DNA of each human chromosome
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| chromosome walking | this is where a probe scans the nucleotides and finds the overlapping ends
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| DNA microarrary assays | the method of detecting and measuring the expressions of thousands of genes at one time
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| in vitro mutagenesis | a technique that can be used to introduce specific changes into the sequenced of a cloned gene
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| genomics | the study of genomes and genes based on DNA sequencing
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| antisense nucleic acid | single stranded molecules of DNA or RNA that have been constructed explicity to base-pair with mRNA molecules and block their translation
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| vaccine | a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen
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| DNA finger print | specific pattern of bands, that is of forensic use
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| simple tandem repeats (STRs) | polymorphic genetic loci
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| transgenic organisms | organisms that contain genes from another species that have been developed for potential agricultural use
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| Ti plasmid (T DNA) | integrates a segment of its DNA into the chromosomal DNA of its host cell plants.
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