Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

1 Microbiology

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
3 Domains/classifications   1. Prokaryo 2. Archaea - strong type 3. Eukaryo  
🗑
Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell   1. Small cells 2. No nuclear membrane - free floating DNA 3. Structures: appendages, cell envelope, cytoplasm  
🗑
Structures of a Bacterial Cell   1. Prokaryotic organisms 2. Unicellular 3. Reproduces through binary fission  
🗑
What is Binary Fission?   Reproduction that ends up with 2 identical daughter cells  
🗑
What does Binary Fission need in order to occur?   - Sufficient amount of nutrients and a good environment (stops when no more nutrients)  
🗑
How are bacteria cells classified? (2 things)   1. Shape 2. Arrangement  
🗑
What shape is the Vibrios?   Comma shaped rods  
🗑
4 important cellular structures   1. Cell envelope (glycocalyx, cel wall, cel membrane) 2. Nuclear Body - genetic info 3. Endospores - how they evade antibiotics 4. Flagella/pilli - communication, mobility)  
🗑
What are the 3 layers of a Cell Envelope   1. Glycocalyx 2. Cell Wall 3. Cell Membrane  
🗑
Structures of the Glycocalyx (cell envelope) (2) - Pro   1. Polysaccharides - sticky sugar; help with attachment, communication, getting things from outside to in 2. Either Slime or Capsule layer  
🗑
Functions of the Glycocalyx (cell envelope - outer) (5) - Pro   1. Communication between cells 2. Anchoring of cells 3. Formation of biofilms 4. Protection from pathogens 5. Involved in the immune system  
🗑
Capsule   - Thick, definite shape - Contributes to cell virulence (what allows a cell to cause a disease) - Protection from phagocytosis and drying - Immunogenic - can mount an immune response - Some vaccines directed at capsule  
🗑
Slime layer   - Thinner, less uniform - Protects agaisnt drying - Promotes adherence (cell-to-cell;surface) - e.g. oral bacteria and teeth  
🗑
Cell Wall (2nd Layer of Cell Envelope)   - Provides strength agaisnt osmotic pressure - Composed of peptidoglycan (PG) - determines Gram Stain  
🗑
4 Steps of the Gram Stain   1. Apply crystal violet (purple dye) 2. Apply iodine to lock colour in 3. Alcohol wash 4. Apply safranin (red dye)  
🗑
Structures of Gram Positive (6)   1. Peptidoglycan (PG) - 80-90% 2. Polysaccharides (sticky sugars) 3. Thick PG layer 4. No outer membrane 5. Narrow periplasmic space 6. More permeable to molecule  
🗑
Structures of Gram Negative (7)   1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2. PG - 10-50% 3. Porin protein in wall 4. Thinner PG layer 5. Outer membrane 6. Extensive periplasmic space 7. Less permeable to molecules  
🗑
Is LPS an Endotoxin?   - Yes; an endotoxin is a toxin internal to bacterial cell, helps cause infection in host cell & more resistant  
🗑
Cell Membrane (3rd layer of Cell Envelope) - made of?   1. Phospholipids - bilayer, heads pointing out (likes water) 2. Proteins 3. Glycolipids 4. Hopanoids - like cholesterol in humans  
🗑
Functions of the Cell Membrane (4)   1. Structual support 2. Metabolic functions 3. Regulates transports 4. Role in immune response  
🗑
Cytoplasm   - Site of biochemical and synthetic activities (reactions occur, requires water) - 70-80% water - Solvent for cell nutrients - Contains cellular structures such as the nucleoid (single chromosom) and ribosoms  
🗑
Nuclear Body   - Single chromosome strand = nuceloid - No nuclear membrane - Free floating DNA  
🗑
Plasmids   - Extra chromosomal genetic info - Either free floating or in chromosome - Can be duplicated and passed onto offspring - Offers protective traits to bacteria  
🗑
Ribosomes   - Protein synthesis - Made of RNA and protein - Throughout cytoplasm and on cell membranes - Usually in chains (polysomes)  
🗑
Endospores   - Thick walled and resistance; purpose of survival  
🗑
What are the 2 stages of endospores?   1. Vegetative Cell 2. Endospore  
🗑
Vegetative Cells   When environmental conditions are still good, putting energy into feeding and storing nutrients - When environmental conditions worsten = starts sporulation  
🗑
5 Steps of Sporulation   1. Vegetative cell threatened 2. DNA copied & put towards end of cell (septation) 3. Sporangium engulfs forespore 4. Protective layer forms around 5. Sporangium deteriorates and releases spore  
🗑
Germination = What is needed to reactivate the vegetative cell (4)   1. Nutrients 2. H2O and a germinating agent 3. Digestive enzymes; exposes core to H2O 4. Spore rehydrates and releases vegetative cell  
🗑
Appendages   - Allow for movement  
🗑
Flagella - appendage   - Whip like motion (like helicopter) - Composed of protein flagellin  
🗑
3 Parts of a Flagella   1. Filament - end of whip; long and thin 2. Hook - at the end of flagellum, anchored to basal body 3. Basal Body - rod with 1+ pairs of disk  
🗑
Arrangement of Flagella (4)   1. Monotrichous - single flagellum at one end 2. Lophotrichous - multiple flagellum from one end 3. Amphitrichous - both ends 4. Pertichous - all over surface  
🗑
Periplasmic Flagella   - Internal flagella; on spirochetes - 2 long coiled threads, inbetween cell wall and membrane - Twisting motion (like itsy bitsy spider)  
🗑
Pili - appendage   - Like bristle hair (like cilia) - Composed of protein pillin - Has point of attachments (to eachother or surfaces)  
🗑
Sex pili   - Allows transfer of genetic info between organisms (through asexual process)  
🗑
Bacterial Growth Requirements (3)   1. Nurtients 2. Atmospheric 3. Temperature  
🗑
Heterotrophs - Nutritional Requirement of Bacterial Growth   - Uses carbon from ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1. Photoheterotrophs - gets energy from sunlight 2. Chemoheterotrophs - gets energy & carbon from organic compounds  
🗑
Autotrophs - Nutritional Requirement of Bacterial Growth   - Uses carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide 1. Photoautotrophs - gets energy from sunlight 2. Chemoautotrophs - gets energy from carbon compounds  
🗑
What are the 6 Atmospheric requirements (for bacteria)   1. Obligate Aerobes 2. Obligate Anaerobes 3. Facultative Anaerobes 4. Aerotolerant Anaerobes 5. Microaerophiles 6. Capnophiles  
🗑
Obligate Aerobes - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Grow only in the presence of oxygen - Aerobic cellular respiration  
🗑
Obligate Anaerobes - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Doesn't rely on oxygen  
🗑
Facultative Anaerobes - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Grows with or without oxygen - w/ oxygen = aerobic respiration - w/out oxygen = fermentation  
🗑
Aerotolerant Anaerobes - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Can grow in the presence of oxygen, but cannot use it - Through fermentation  
🗑
Microaerophiles - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Requires low concentration of oxygen (can't live in normal air)  
🗑
Capnophiles - atm requirements (for bacteria growth)   - Requires more carbon dioxide than in regular air - More acidic environment  
🗑
What are the 4 Temperature Requirements (for bacteria growth)   1. Mesophiles 2. Thermophiles 3. Psychrophiles 4. Psychrotrophs  
🗑
Mesophiles - temp requirement (for bacteria growth)   - Moderate temp; 25 - 40 degrees celsius  
🗑
Thermophiles - temp requirement (for bacteria growth)   - Hotter temp; 45+  
🗑
Psychrophiles - temp requirement (for bacteria growth)   - Colder temp; 0 or lower  
🗑
Psychrotophs - temp requirement (for bacteria growth)   - Grows slowly at 0, but optimal growth at 25-30 - Food spoilage  
🗑
Generation time - bacteria growth   - Length of time required for binary fission to take place  
🗑
4 Phases of Bacteria Growth   1. Lag Phase 2. Log/Exponential growth phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Death Phase  
🗑
Lag Phase   - 1st phase; not a lot pf growth (before)  
🗑
Log/Exponential growth phase   - 2nd phase - rapid replication, ends due to lack of nutrients  
🗑
Stationary Phase   - 3rd phase - # of new organisms = #of dying organisms  
🗑
Death Phase   - 4th phase - bacteria lose ability to reproduce (even with good environment)  
🗑
3 examples of Unusual Prokaryotes   1. Chlamydia 2. Rickettsiae 3. Mycoplasmas  
🗑
Chlamydia   - Gram-negative - Rod or coccus shaped; coccobacillus (kind of both) - Must have intracellular parasites (live inside host cell) - Cannot synthesize own ATP  
🗑
What are the 2 'bodies' of the Chlamydia replication cycle   1. Elementary bodies (infectious form) 2. Reticulate bodies (growth form)  
🗑
Replication Cycle (steps) of Chlamydia (6)   1. EB attaches to host cell 2. Host cell ingests EB, housing in an inclusion (sac) 3. EB reorganizes to form a reticulate body (RB) 4. RB divides, producing multiple RBs 5. Rbs convert back to EB 6. Eb released from host cell through lysis (bursting)  
🗑
Rickettsiae   - Small rods or coccobacilli - Contains RNA & DNA - Slime layer interferes with gram stain  
🗑
Obligate Intracellular Parasite   - Needs host cell  
🗑
How do Ricketsiae reproduce?   - Binary Fission - Transmitted by arthropod vectors (adding another organism to help them live)  
🗑
Mycoplasmas   - More in hospitals - Both DNA & RNA - No cell wall (pleomorphic) - Falculative Anaerobes (w/ or w/out oxygen) - Acid fast stain (since no cell wall)  
🗑
Acid Fast Stain   - Used for when no Cell Wall - Has ++mycolic acid (instead of PG) - Use red dye to stain (carbol fuchsin) - Acid-alcohol locks in colour (because of cell membrane lipids) - Other organisms colour blue/green  
🗑
Archaea - Other Prokaryotes   - More closely to Eukarya than Bacteria - Unique genetic sequences in rRNA - Can survive harsh conditions (adapts to heat, salt, acid pH, changes in pressure and atmosphere) - Hyperthermophiles (hot areas) - Methane produces-sulfur reducers  
🗑
What are the 3 types of Eukaryote Cells?   1. Protists (protozoa) - Single-celled organisms lacking complex organization 2. Fungi (myceteae) - single or multi cellular; yeasts and mold 3. Plant and Animal  
🗑
Eukaryotic Structures (9)   1. Glycolcalyx 2. Cell Membrane 3. Nucleus 4. Mitochondria 5. ER 6. Golgi 7. Vacuoles 8. Cytoskeleton 9. With or without Cell Wall  
🗑
Locomotor Appendages   - Only on some - External - Covered by extension of cell membrane - 9 pairs + 2 microtubular arrangment - Linked together by protein arms (pairs of circles on outside pic)  
🗑
How do Flagellar locomotion move?   1. Whipping back and fourth 2. Twirling 3. Lashing out  
🗑
Cilia - Function   1. Motility 2. Feeding 3. Filtering - in rows over surface; sway - help move things back and forth  
🗑
Glycocalyx - Euk   - Outermost (comes in contact with extracellular environment) - Network of polysaccharides fibres - Slime layer OR capsule  
🗑
Glycocalyx - Functions (Euk) (3)   1. Protection to cell 2. Allows adherence/attachment to diff surfaces 3. Receive signals  
🗑
Cell Wall (Euk)   - Fungi & Algae - Provides structure and shape - Composed of Chitin (polysaccharide), glycoprotein, mixed glycans (molecules that can adhere to other molecules)  
🗑
Cell Membrane (Euk)   - Bilayer of phospolipids & sterole (heads out - H2O loving) - 2 proteins - 1. Peripheral 2. Integral - Provides stability to cells lacking a cell wall - Selectively permeable  
🗑
Nucleus   - Actually in eukaryotic cells (not in prokaryo) - rRNA synthesis - Surrounded by double membrane = nuclear envelope - Membrane contains pores which allows certain molecules to pas through  
🗑
Chromatin   - Dark granules (chromosomes) seen throughout the nucleus - In nucleus  
🗑
Haploid   - Single & unpaired nucleus  
🗑
Diploid   - Chromosome that are matched or paired  
🗑
Mitosis - 5 stages   1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Cytokinesis  
🗑
Prophase - Mitosis   - Chromosomes become visible - Centrioles go towards opposite sides of cell - Spindle fibres form (from cytoskeleton) - Nuclear membrane disappears  
🗑
Metaphase - Mitosis   - Chromosomes line up on equator - Spindle fibres attach to centromeres of chromosomes  
🗑
Anaphase - Mitosis   - Centromeres split and sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles  
🗑
Telophase - Mitosis   - New nuclear membrane forms - Nucleolus reappears - Furrowing of cell membrane  
🗑
Cytokinesis - Mitosis   - Cytoplasm divides to complete cell division  
🗑
Interphase - Mitosis   - Periods between mitotic divisions - Chromosomes less organized; appear as chromatin - Divided into 2 gap and synthesis phases  
🗑
Rough ER   - Transport materials from nucleus to cytoplasm - Protein are synthesized on ribosomes  
🗑
Smooth ER   - Involved in synthesis and storage of non-protein molecules (ie lipids, carbs)  
🗑
Golgi Apparatus   - Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins - Produces lysosomes and various secretory vesicles  
🗑
Lysosomes   - Vesicles; originate from Golgi - Contain enzymes (Peroxisomes - oxidative enzymes used to removes toxins) - Intracellular digestion of food particles - Protects agaisnt invading microorganisms - Removes cellular debris  
🗑
Vacuoles   - Membrane bound sac - Contains fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored  
🗑
Lysosomes + Vacuoles = ?   Phagosomes - aids in digestions of nutrients to gain nutrients  
🗑
Mitochondria   - Powerhouse of cell - Makes ATP via electron transport chain - Divides independently through binary fission (without cell) - Contains its own strand of DNA  
🗑
Structures of the Mitochondria   1. Smooth, continuous out membrane 2. Cristae - folded inner membrane; contains enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration  
🗑
Chloroplasts   - In algae and plant cells - photoautotrophs (uses air to make carbon & sunlight for energy) - Oxygen produced as a by-product  
🗑
2 Structures of the Chloroplast   1. 2 membranes - Smooth outer membrane - Folded inner membrane - thylakoids 2. Stroma matrix around thylakoids - Has its own genetic info, can divide without cell cycle  
🗑
Cytoskeleton   - Helps provide support - Flexible framework of molecules  
🗑
6 Functions of the Cytoskeleton   1. Anchors organelles 2. Provides support 3. Produces movement of cytoplasm 4. Important role in intracellular transport 5. Forms spindle fibres 6. Movement of the cell as a unit  
🗑
Ribosomes   - Site of protein synthesis - Scattered freely in cytoplasm or with RER - Similar structure to prokayotic ribosomes but larger  
🗑
Fungi   - Includes mold, mushrooms, and yeasts - Heterotrophs - from organic compound - Scavengers  
🗑
Fungi - Structure   - Unicellular or multicellular - Cell walls contain chitin (instead of PG) - Can join together - colonies  
🗑
Fungi - Reproduction   - Sexually or asexually - Spore formation (sexually) OR budding (asexually)  
🗑
Fungi - environmentally (what are they and how do they get their nutrients)   - Live as saphrophytes/saprobes (scavengers/decomposers) - Nutrients through absorption - organic compounds  
🗑
Human Fungal Pathogens (3 Classifications)   1. Yeast - in body; like warmth 2. Mold - environmentally; like cold 3. Dimorphic fungi - very adaptable  
🗑
Yeasts (reproduction? cellular?)   - Unicellular microorganisms - Asexual (budding - similar to binary fission) - Best in moist environment  
🗑
Molds   - Multicellular microorganisms - Asexual - Develop characteristic hyphae - Hyphae grow to form a mycelium (e.g. white mold on tomatoe)  
🗑
Hyphae   1. Septate - divided/separate into distinct cell-like units 2. Coenocytic - no septal divisions  
🗑
Asexual Reproduction - fungi   - similar to binary fission (for yeast) - molds reproduce by fragmentation (little pieces break off) of their hyphae and by spore formation  
🗑
Asexual Spore Formation (2 types)   1. Sporangiospores - form inside a sac (sporangium); spores released when sporangium ruptures 2. Conidia - produced at tips/sides of hyphae; pinch/break off and then travel  
🗑
Sexual Reproduction - fungi   - When nutrients are limited - Can be dispersed/travel widely throughout environment by air, H2O, and other organisms - Germinates when good conditions  
🗑
+mycelium and -mycelium =? (sexual reproduction)   = dikaryon; then divides by meiosis to end up with variations  
🗑
What do the 2 forms of Dimorphic Fungi depend on?   - Grows in 2 forms; depends on the temperature  
🗑
2 Forms of Dimorphic Fungi   1. Mold with septate hyphae @ 25 degree celsius (low) 2. Yeast in tissues @ 37 degree celsius (high)  
🗑
Systemic Mycoses   - Infection through blood stream  
🗑
Fungal Growth Requirements   - Heterotrophs - mostly saprobes/saprophytes (scavengers/decomposers) - Can be parasitic (needs host cell) - Aerobic - Some yeasts are facultative anaerobic (w/ or w/out oxygen)  
🗑
4 Different types of fungal infection diseases   1. Superficial mycoses 2. Lutaneous mycoses 3. Subcutaneous mycoses 4. Systemic infections (inhaling then goes through bloodstream)  
🗑
Superficial Mycoses   - Tineas = infection of epidermis - Waits for a weakened immune host - Usually direct contact (e.g. attacks melanocytes/pigments)  
🗑
Cutaneous Mycoses   - Infections extend deeper into epidermis - Involves stratum corneum and occasionally upper dermis  
🗑
Subcutaneous Mycoses   - Occurs after a puncture (poked with something that has fungus on it) - Fungus invades the deeper layers of the dermis  
🗑
Systemic Mycoses   - Fungal infection which spreads throughout the body - Portal = respiration then bloodstream  
🗑
Mycotoxins   - Chemical by-products from fungal metabolism - Ingesting contaminated food  
🗑
Long term ingestion of Mycotoxins can cause 3 things   1. Liver & Kidney damage 2. Gastrointestinal or gynecological disturbances 3. Cancer  
🗑
Protozoa   - Kingdom Protists - Unicellular or colonial organisms - Contains major eukaryotic organelles (EXCEPT chloroplasts)  
🗑
Structural Features of Protozoa   - Cytoplasm into 2 layers 1. Ectoplasm (clear outer layer involved in locomotion, feeding, and protection) 2. Endoplasm (granular inner layer w/ nucleus. mitochondria, and vacuoles) - No cell wall; but has cell membrane  
🗑
Locomoter Appendages in Protozoa (3)   1. Flagella 2. Cilia 3. Pseudopods - cytoplasm flows into 'fake feet' = migrates into diff directions  
🗑
Nutrition of Protozoa (how do they get their carbon, what do they need, etc)   - Heterotrophic Organisms - Uses live cells of bacteria and algae - Scavengers - Some parasitic - Trophozoite stage = active feeding stage - no vegetative stage  
🗑
Habitat of Protozoa   - In fresh and marine water, soil, plants, and animals - Converts to a resistant dormant stage when feeding/growth are harsh (go out into cyst until environment is better)  
🗑
Virion   - Fully formed virus that's able to now establish infections in a host cell  
🗑
Basic Structure of a Virus   - Capsid (protein coat) - Nucleic acid - DNA or RNA (single or double)  
🗑
How do Viruses multiply? (general)   - By taking over a host's cells genetic material (since they're not living organelles)  
🗑
Capsid (protein shell) + nucleic acid (genetic info) = ?   - Nucleocapsid  
🗑
Do viruses always have an envelope?   - Not always  
🗑
What are CAPSIDs made out of?   - Proteins called capsomeres  
🗑
What are the 2 capsomere arrangements?   1. Helical - like a tin can looking 2. Icosahedron - Diamond/spider looking one  
🗑
How are the Icosahedron Capsules formed?   - 12 spaced corners - 20 triangular faces - 30 edges  
🗑
How is the viral envelope formed?   - By budding through a host membrane  
🗑
What's on the outside of a viral envelope?   - Glycoproteins  
🗑
What do the spikes do on a virus?   - Viral attachment to host cell (remember it has lock and key)  
🗑
What does the viral envelope do?   - Attacks - Protects nucleic acid from enzymes and chemicals outside of host cell - Infects viral DNA/RNA into host cell - Can also stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that protect the host cell agaisnt future infections  
🗑
What are the 2 atypical/complex viruses?   1. Poxviruses 2. Bacteriophages  
🗑
What are proxviruses? And its 3 features? (Think of hamburger shaped)   - Large DNA viruses that lack a capsid 1. Nucleoid - central disk structure, sorrounded by membrane and 2 lateral bodies 2. Lateral bodies - contains enzymes for viral replication (penetration) 3. Lipoproteins & Coarse fibrils - densed layer  
🗑
What are Bacteriophages?   - Viruses that only infect bacterial cells (what allows bacterial cells for getting drug resistance - bc they pick up virus DNA)  
🗑
What are the 2 structures of a Bacteriophages?   1. Icosahedral Head - contains nucleic acid 2. Tail - Has attached fibres, sometimes surrounded by sheaths (for protection)  
🗑
Genome   - Part of Nucleic Acid - Is sum of all genetic info (DNA/RNA - single or double) - Carried by nucleic acid  
🗑
Viral Enzyme Functions (3)   1. Polymerases - form large polymers (DNA or RNA) - attachment 2. Replicases - copy DNA 3. Reverse Transcriptase - allows the synthesis of DNA from RNA ase - enzyme  
🗑
6 Animal Virus Life Cycle   1. Adsorption 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Replication 5. Assembly 6. Release  
🗑
Adsorption (1st step)   - Cell membrane receptors specific to viral configurations (lock & key) - Host Range - limits virus of being able to cross over sometimes (from characteristics of cell)  
🗑
Penetration (2nd step)   - Direct fusion of virus with host cell membrane (nucleocapsid released into cell's interior)  
🗑
Uncoating (3rd step)   - Endocytosis - cell membrane engulfs liquid or solid material into a vacuole - Vacuole enzymes dissolve viral envelope and capsid uncoating nucleic acid (Into vacuole - then enzymes uncoat it)  
🗑
Replication (4th step)   - Viral nucleic acids take over host cell's synthetic and metabolic machinery  
🗑
Assembly (5th step)   - Nucleic acid strand inserted into empty capsid shell = nucleocapsid formation - Viral spikes added on when leaving/budding off  
🗑
Release (6th step)   - Lyses = non-enveloped - Budding/exocytosis = get envelope from membrane when leaving  
🗑
Replication/Multiplication of Bacteriophages   - Similiar to animal viruses but no uncoating phase; instead injected in (since its like a spider thingy)  
🗑
Retrovirus - What do they do?   - Uses RNA as a template to produce viral DNA (as a template) - Has 2 copies of ssRNA & reverse transcriptase  
🗑
Retrovirus Multiplication Cycle (4)   1. Retrovirus penetrates host cell 2. After uncoating reverse transcription of the viral RNA produces dsDNA 3. New viral DNA is transported into host cell nucleus; integrated as provirus & then replicate 4. Mature retrovirus leaves, acquires envelope  
🗑
What is a Morphological (Cytopathic) effect?   - Changes in the shape of a host cell caused by a viral infection  
🗑
What are the 6 Morphological (Cytopathic) effects?   1. Altered Shape 2. Detachment from tissue surface 3. Lysis 4. Membrane Fusion 5. Altered membrane permeability 6. Apoptosis (programmed cell death?)  
🗑
What is a inclusion body?   - Compacted masses/debris of viruses or damaged cell organelles (DNA - nucleus; RNA - cytoplasm)  
🗑
What are the 3 Host Cell's Damages?   1. Physiological Effect 2. Biochemical Effect 3. Genotoxic Effect  
🗑
What is the Physiological Effect?   - Addition of viral proteins into plasma membrane; changes of characteristics and/or functions leading to altered cellular activities  
🗑
What is the Biochemical Effect?   - Inhibition or alteration of host cell's macromolecules (e.g. lipids, fats, carbs)  
🗑
What is the Genotoxic Effect?   - Affects future generation - Genotoxic substances can damage host cell DNA - Teratogenic Effect - mutation - Potential start of cancer  
🗑
What are the 5 Viral Infections?   1. Abortive Infections 2. Lytic (cytocidal) Infection 3. Persistant Infections 4. Slow Infections 5. Transforming Infections  
🗑
What is the Abortive Infection?   - When the virus can latch on, but cannot proceed further because the host cell is non-permissive (cannot reproduce)  
🗑
What is the Lytic (Cytocidal) Infection?   - Infection of permissive cells which kill the host - Allows virus to hijack metabolic machinery  
🗑
What are the 2 Persistant Infections?   1. Chronic- productive but not lytic 2. Latent - has a dorment stage/ like chicken pox and turburculosis)  
🗑
What is a Slow Infection?   - Prolonged incubation period  
🗑
What is the Transforming Infection?   - Alters cell properties  
🗑
What is a Oncogenic Transformation?   - Genetic modification of cell proliferation control - tumour cells  
🗑


   

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
 
To hide a column, click on the column name.
 
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
 
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
 
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

 
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how
Created by: alexmanikus
Popular Science sets