Duke PA Urinalysis
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| Normal appearance | clear
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| normal color | amber yellow
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| normal odor | aromatic
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| normal pH | 4.6-8.0 avg 6.0
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| normal protein ___ mg/dL | 0-8
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| normal protein ___ mg/24 hr at rest | 50-80
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| normal protein ___ mg/24 hr during exercise | <250
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| normal specific gravity adult | 1.005-1.030
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| normal specific gravity elderly | values decrease with age
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| normal specific gravity newborn | 1.001-1.020
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| normal leukocyt esterase | negative
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| normal nitrates | none
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| normal ketones | none
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| normal bilirubin | none
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| normal urobilinogen ___ Ehrlich unit/mL | 0.01-1
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| normal crystals | none
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| normal casts | none
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| normal glucose (fresh specimen) | none
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| normal glucose (24 hr)___mg/day | 50-300
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| normal glucose (24 hr)___mmol/day (SI units) | 0.3-1.7
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| normal WBC ___ per low-power field | 0-4
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| normal WBC casts | none
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| normal RBC's | < or = 2
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| normal RBC casts | none
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| ____ infection may cause green urine | Pseudomonas
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| patients with ____ may have the strong sweet smell of acetone | diabetic ketoacidosis
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| Bacteria, UTI, or a diet high in citrus fruits or vegetables may cause | increased urine pH
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| starvation, dehydration, or a diet high in meat products or cranberries may cause | decreased urine pH
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| to prevent or treat urinary calculi from xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate urine pH should be kept | alkaline
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| to treat urinary calculi from calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate urine pH should be kept | acidic
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| the combination of proteinuria adn edema is known as | nephrotic syndrome
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| probably the most important indicator of kidney disease | proteinuria
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| proteinuria in pregnant women can indicate | preeclampsia
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| a measure of the concentration of particles in the urine | specific gravity
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| used to evaluate the concentrating and excretory powers of the kidneys | specific gravity
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| high specific gravity indicates | concentrated urine
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| low specific gravity indicates | dilute urine
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| when a person is dehydrated one can expect the specific gravity of that person to be abnormally | high
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| Positive results indicate UTI | leukocyte esterase
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| is a screening test for identification of UTI's | nitrites
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| Nitrite test is about ___% accurate | 50
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| leukocyte esterase is about ___% accurate | 90
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| _____ is usually associated with poorly controlled diabetes | ketonuria
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| can be present in the following conditions; alcoholism, fasting, starvation, high protein diets, isopranol ingestion | ketonuria
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| may occur in acute febrile illnesses, especially in infants and children | ketonuria
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| obstruction of a bile duct by a gallstone will lead to | elevated urine bilirubin
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| bilirubin in the urine will color it | dark yellow or orange
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| by themselves, crystals cause no symptoms until | they form stones
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| stones only produce symptoms when they | obstruct the urinary tract
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| crystals may indicate | the formation of a renal stone
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| occur in the urine of patients with parathyroid abnormalities or malabsorption states | phosphat and calcium oxalate crystals
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| clumps of materials or cells that form in the renal distal and collection tubules, where material is maximally concentrated | casts
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| for ___ to form the pH must be acidic and the urine concentrated | casts
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| conglomerations of protein and are indicative of proteinuria, a few may be present after strenuous exercise | hyaline casts
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| sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide, BUN, creatinine, glucose, GFR | components of the chem 7 at Duke
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| normal sodium ____ mmol/L | 135-145
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| normal potassium ____ mmol/L | 3.2-4.8
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| normal chloride ____ mmol/L | 98-108
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| normal carbon dioxide ____ mmol/L | 21-30
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| normal urea nitrogen ___ mg/dL | 7-21
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| normal creatinine ___ mg/dL | 0.7-1.4
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| increased BUN is called | uremia
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| decreased renal blood flow | prerenal uremia
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| urea backed up into blood from lower urinary obstruction | postrenal uremia
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| diseases or toxicities that affect glomeruli, renal microvascular or tubules | renal uremia
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| proportional to muscle mass, usually higher in men than women | serum creatinine
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| stable in health at a ratio of 1:10 | BUN:creatinine ratio
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| lower in liver disease, starvation, acute tubular necrosis | BUN:creatinine ratio
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| Higher (with normal Cr) in prerenal uremia, high protein diet, GI bleed | BUN:creatinine ratio
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| Higher (with high Cr is called “azotemia”) in renal disease & failure | BUN:creatinine ratio
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| can be caused by preeclampsia, multiple myeloma, temperature extremes, fever, exercise, position, stress | proteinuria
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| main cause of glycosuria | diabetes
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| product of fat breakdown | ketones
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| product of hemoglobin breakdown | bilirubin
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| a few hyaline casts on urinalysis is | normal
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| RBC casts | acute glomerulonephritis
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| WBC casts | acute pyelonephritis
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| epithelial casts | tubular necrosis
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| granular casts | nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis
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| waxy casts | tubular atrophy, renal failure
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| bacterial casts | pyelonephritis
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| fatty casts | proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome
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| ___ can be estimated by blood level of creatinine | GFR
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| ___ indicates level of kidney function | GFR
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| ___ calculations do not apply in acute situations or in patients on dialysis | GFR
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