WVSOM Exercise physio lecture 1 and 2 acute CV and respiratory changes brown
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| How can cardiac output be increased? | heart rate, stroke volume
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| How can ventilation be increased? | frequency of breathing, tidal volume
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| What can cause some variations in physiological responses to exercise? | Repetition: Acute versus chronic, Amount of muscle mass involved, Intensity of effort, Duration of effort, Type of muscle contraction
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| What are some types of muscle contractions? | dynamic = movement, static (isometric) = no movement
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| How can dynamic exercise be quantified? | by the rate of O2 consumption
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| As the work rate increases what happens to the O2 consumption? | you have a steady increase linearly of consumption until you reach your maximum O2 consumption level.
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| What happens when you reach the max O2 consumption? | you start anaerobic exercise
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| What 3 components underlie increased VO2? | Supply by lungs, Delivery by circulation, utilization by muscles
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| What is the equation for supply? | VO2 = VE (FIO2 – FEO2)
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| What is the equation for delivery? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)= HR x SV x (a-v O2 difference)
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| What is the equation for utilization? | VO2= Q x (a-v O2 difference)- reflects O2 extraction
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| What is the ventilatory response to exercise? | It increases
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| What happens to cardiac output as oxygen use is increased? | it will increase slightly
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| When does the total ventilation increases linearly at a much faster rate? | as we exercise more and more.
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| Ventilation increases faster after? | the point of anaerobic threshold
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| When you are still able to aerobic during exercise the line for the O2 consumption? | increases linearly
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| When you get to the v max the respiratory rate? | jumps to a very fast rate for every ml of O2 that it needs
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| What happens to lactic acid in blood as you are using O2? | it increases slightly
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| What happens to the lactic acid in the blood as you reach the anaerobic threshold? | blood lactate follows the respiratory pattern it skyrockets when you reach the threshold
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| What does lactic acid do to the rise in ventilation? | it helps to increase the ventilation rate
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| How many phases are there in ventilation when you exercise? | 2 phases
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| What happens to ventilation when you start to exercise? | it goes up right away as your brain says to start exercising so it goes up in anticipation
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| When the respiratory center in your brain tells your body that you are going to start exercising to breath faster this is an example of? | Feed forward
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| What causes the slow increase in ventilation? | its thought that the body has limb mechanoreceptors or in increase in potassium may have something to do with it
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| Because you increase the PCO2 hypercapnia what happens? | you blow off CO2
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| Does hypercapnia happen at higher exercise levels? | no you have a slight decrease in sever exercise
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| If you increase respiratory rate are you going to be short in oxygen? | no
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| Does lowering the pH acidosis cause the slow increase in ventilation? | no the pH is maintained in moderate exercise
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| What are some other things that changes in exercise? | increase in diffusing capacity up to 3X, decreased v/q inequality, and the O2 dissociation curve shifts to the right
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| How do you increase the diffusing capacity? | recruitment and distension of capillaries
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| Is diffusion limiting when exercising? | not usually
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| What happens if we shift the O2 dissociation to the right? | Less affinity for oxygen so they release faster, increased CO2 pressure gradient, increased hydrogen concentration, and increased temperature
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| What is the result of decreased V/Q inequality? | lung blood flow becomes more uniform
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| What is the co-ordinator for cardiovascular changes? | Medullary CV center, Autonomic nervous system
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| What is the equation for cardiovascular changes? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)
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| When we do involve the sympathetics you increase what? | Calcium activation and contractility
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| What are some changes in cardiac output changes? | Heart rate increased, Stroke volume increased, have increase in cardiac output of 4-5 times
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| What is the equation for cardiac output? | Q = HR x SV
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| How do we increase the heart rate from rest? | initially we decrease parasympathetic tone to SA node, then we increase the sympathetic tone in heavy exercise
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| How do we increase the stroke volume? | increase in end diastolic volume (Frank starling) as you add more volume you will make the sarcomere length an optimum of 2, and increase sympathetic activation
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| At rest what length does your heart muscle work at? | less than 2 microns
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| When you increase preload you are getting the sarcomere length operation to the optimum level what happens to stroke volume? | stroke volume goes up
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| How can you decrease stroke volume? | decrease the EDV and increase the ESV
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| What happens when you decrease the volume of blood at the end of rest in your ventricle? | Shorten the sarcomeres
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| What is the first thing we do in exercise? | increase the end diostolic volume increase preload
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| How can you increase the stroke volume? | increase the EDV and decrease the ESV
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| What are some factors that affect ESV? | afterload, contractility
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| What are some factors that affect EDV? | if a heart muscle becomes stiffer, Heart rate, also preload
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| What happens to stroke volume when you increase afterload? | if you increase that pressure in the aorta more of its energy from a single squeeze has to be used so you have less energy for systemic so you decrease the stroke volume
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| What is the equation for SV? | SV = EDV - ESV
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| What increases venous return? | muscle contraction and breathing
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| What does the muscle pump do? | displaces blood from peripheral veins to central veins
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| What is the respiratory pump? | The difference of intrathoracic pressure sucks the blood into the right ventricle of the heart
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| Where is the venacava relative to the thoracic cavity? | its behind the wall of the thorax, the central veins see as if they have almost the same negative pressure measured inside the lung.
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| What is the net effect of the muscle pump and respiratory pump? | increased venous return and increased filling pressure and EDV
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| What happens to the muscle O2 extraction in exercise? | it increases
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| What happens to the A-V O2 difference when you increase the muscle O2 extraction? | it increases
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| What is the equation for VO2? | VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)
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| What do we have at the capillary muscle level in exercise? | We have vasodilation and capillary recruitment in active muscle
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| Do we have systemic redistribution of blood in exercise? | yes
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the splanchnic? | 1400ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Renal? | 1100ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Brain? | 750ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the Coronary? | 250ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the skeletal muscle? | 1200ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the skin? | 500ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood at rest in the other? | 600ml/min
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| What is the total volume of blood circulation at rest? | 5800ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise the splanchnic? | 300ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Renal? | 900ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Brain? | 750ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the Coronary? | 1000ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the skeletal muscle? | 22000ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the skin? | 600ml/min
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| What is the volume of blood during heavy exercise in the other? | 100ml/min
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| What is the total volume of blood circulation during heavy exercise ? | 25650ml/min
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| What is the percentage of blood circulation at rest in the splanchnic? | 24%
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| What is the percentage of blood circulation during heavy exercise in the splanchnic? | 1%
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| What is the percentage of blood circulation during heavy exercise in skeletal muscle? | 86%
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| What is the percentage of blood circulation at rest in the skeletal muscle? | 21%
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| How is blood redistributino achieved? | through vasoconstriction
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| When you increase sympathetic outflow what happens? | you get vasoconstriction
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| Where is sympatetic outflow increased during exercise? | Inactive muscle, Splanchnic circulation, Renal circulation, Cutaneous circulation
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| Which circulation shows the greatest reduction in blood flow during exercise? | splanchnic
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| What causes vasodilation in active muscle? | Local Chemical factors & metabolites
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| what are some examples of Local Chemical factors & metabolites ? | Bradykinin, Prostaglandins, Adenosine, Lactic acid, Carbon Dioxide, Nitric oxide
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| Where are the receptors for one or more of the chemical factors or metabolites located? | in the smooth muscle surrounding the capillaries
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| What aids the muscle in O2 extraction? | vasodilation and capillary recruitment
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| What does muscle O2 extraction involve? | diffusion of O2 from capillary
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| Where does the O2 extraction take place? | mitochondria
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| What does Fick’s Law determine? | rate of diffusion
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| What is the Fick’s Law equation? | VO2 = DM . (PCAP – PMITO), DM combines area, solubility, MW, Diffusion distance
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| What is the result of vasodilation and capillary recruitment? | you get a decrease in diffusion distance because more cells are actively flushing their supply which leads to increased O2 volume
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| Why does mean blood pressure only raise slightly when exercising? | vasodilation
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| What is the equation for Blood pressure? | BP = CO x TPR
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| What happens to blood pressure during exercise? | it goes up a little bit but not dramatically
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| The difference between sistolic and diastolic pressure is? | Pulse pressure
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| What happens to blood pressure in dynamic exercise? | you only get a small increase in mean blood pressure
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| What must total peripheral resistance (TPR) be doing if blood pressure is only going up a little bit? | it is dramatically dropping
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| In static exercise vasodilation is more or less of an influence in blood pressure? | less influence
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| Can muscle receptors contribute to cardiovascular changes? | yes
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| What type of muscle recpetors are involved in cardiovascular changes? | metaboreceptors, mechanoreceptors
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| What are metaboreceptors sensitive to? | metabolic environment
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| What group does the metaboreceptors belong to? | group 4 the sensory afferents
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| What can metaboreceptors cause a large increase in? | sympathetic outflow
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| What do mechanoreceptors sense? | mechanical environment
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| What group does the mechanoreceptors belong to? | group 3 sensory afferents
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| What is the function of the barorecetors resetting during exercise? | reduce HR when BP is increased
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| What affect does exercise have on baroreceptors? | Baroreceptors reset to higher blood pressures, The baroreflex becomes less ‘potent’
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| What limits VO2 MAX? | Limited O2 delivery by the circulation,VO2 = Q x (a-v O2 difference)
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| What is VO2? | rate of O2 consumption
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| How does it change on exercise? | increases linearly with work rate up to Vo2 max
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| What mechanisms are involved? | increased ventilation, increased cardiac output, increased muscle O2 extraction
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| What is the main limiting factor on VO2 max? | cardiac output
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| As maximum Q increases what happens to VO2 max? | increases
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| When does the lung limit VO2 max? | during severe exercise in athletes
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| When does exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occur? | decrease in saturation of O2 close to VO2 max
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| How do you over come exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occur? | by breathing higher O2
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| During excessive respiratory muscle work, how much VO2 can be consumed? | up to 10-16%
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| Oxygen can help only when? | oxygen saturation is depressed
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| Can muscle oxygen extraction limit VO2 max? | it can have some limiting factor
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| What does oxygen extraction depend on before it becomes limiting? | rate of O2 diffusion from capillary to mitochondria (fick’s law)
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| What can be accomplished with training? | you increase the number of muscle diffusive capacity by increasing the number of capillaries which results in an increase in VO2 max
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| What parameter is normally the main limitation on VO2 MAX? | cardiac output
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| What factors affect exercise performance? | Muscle fatigue, Anaerobic threshold, VO2 MAX, Gender, Age
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| Muscle fatigue can limit? | exercise performance
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| What does onset of muscle fatigue depend on? | Fiber type, Accumulation of K+, lactate, increase in hydrogen concentration causing Reduction of pH, Depletion of glycogen, PCr
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| When does exhaustion occur more rapidly? | nearer the VO2 max
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| What is exhaustion curve dependent on? | anaerobic threshold
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| Is the VO2 max a perfect predictor of exercise performance? | no
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| What does performance additionally depend on? | Mechanical efficiency, Endurance at high VO2 rates, Anaerobic threshold
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| Structure between the bone length and bone masses and the amount of energy being used to maintain the upper body is an example of what? | mechanical efficiency
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| Endurances at high VO2 rates are somewhat affected by? | psychological, how much heart, how much pain you can tolerate
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| In women on average what is their VO2 max compared to males? | 8-12% lower
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| What are some other differences in exercise performance in females compared to males? | decrease in muscle mass and increase in body fat, also women have a lower hemoglobin level
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| Is power output for the same VO2 different in males and females? | no
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| How do women acieve the same power output? | they require working at a higher % of VO2 max
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| Does AT occur in women at lower or higher power outputs? | lower
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| At any age what is the difference in the sedentary and the endurance athelete? | their VO2 max is not the same
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| Does VO2 max increase or decrease with age? | decrease
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| What will exercise do for a sedentary 60 year old? | will increase the VO2 max
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| Jimmy and Bob have the same VO2 MAX, but Jimmy can run for longer when exercising maximally. Why? | jimmy has a higher anaerobic threshold
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| How does increase in VO2 max lead to increased resistance fatigue? | increase in lactate threshold
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| Is the respiratory system changed or unchanged by training? | mostly unchanged
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| Does training increase or decrease VO2 max? | increase
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| What are the cardiovascular effects of training? | Maximal Q is increased, Resting HR is lowered but maximal HR is unchanged, Maximal SV increases, Modest reduction in BP
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| What is the equation for VO2 max? | VO2 MAX = HROPT x SVOPT x (a-v O2 difference)MAX
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| What happens when you increase the water content of plasma? | increase stroke volume and EDV but reduces hematocrit
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| What is sports anemia? | it is reduced hematocrit
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| What do new capillaries and oxidative enzymes do to O2 extractions? | it enhances O2 extraction
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| What happens to a-v O2 difference with training? | it increases slightly
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| Increase in O2 extraction by muscle causes what? | growth of new capillaries and increase oxidative enzymes
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| What does growth of new capillaries do? | it decreases the diffusion distance and increases muscle blood flow
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| What does an increase in oxidative enzymes cause? | an increase in oxygen pressure gradient and increase in rate of oxygen diffusion
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| How can training cause muscle hyprotrophy in dynamic exercise? | you get enlarged ventricles and eccentric hypertrophy in the heart
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| How can training cause muscle hyprotrophy in static exercise? | you get thickened ventricles and concentric hypertrophy in the heart
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| In skeletal muscle hyperplasia is what? | increased number of fibers
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| In skeletal muscle hypertrophy is what? | increased size of fibers, you get eccentric contractions
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