LCCC Statistics
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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Statistics | The science or study of data
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Data | Info gained from counting, measurements, surveys/response, or experiments
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Population | everyone or everything you wish to study
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Census | a study of the entire population
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Sample | a part, portion, or subset of population
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Parameter | any number that describes a population
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N | population size ( number of data in a population)
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Statistic | any number that describes a sample
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n | sample size ( number of data in sample)
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Descriptive Statistics | organizing, displaying, and analyzing (calculations)
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Inferential Statistics | make a decision/conclusion based on a sample
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Qualitative data | describes, labels, categories, ranking
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Nominal | No meaningful order to categories
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Ordinal | meaningful order to categories
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Quantitative data | numerical data (except description)
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Discrete | any countable data
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Continuous | any form of measurement, any value on the number line, interval data
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Interval level of measurement | meaningful differences between values, 0 is a placeholder
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Ratio level of measurement | meaningful ratio/ ("twice as many"), 0 is nothing or none
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Statistical Study Goal | make a decision about the population based on a sample
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Steps to Design a Study | 1) decide the population 2) best method for data collection 3) Collect Data 4) Summarize and analyze data 5) Make a conclusion 6) Consider any possible errors
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Observational Study | watch and record, do not interact/implement change
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Perform an experiment | part of the sample is changed and then you compare
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Simulation | a physical/ computer imitation of real life
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Survey | interview and record responses ( in person, mail, paper, telephone, email)
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Center | value that indicates where the MIDDLE of data set is
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Variation | a measure of the amount the data values VARY
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Distribution | shape/spread of data over a range
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Frequency Distribution Table | table that lists all categories/ classes/ intervals and the COUNT of data values in each class
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Class | interval used to split up/organize data values into a frequency distribution
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frequency of class | number of data values in that class
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n=sample size | total number of data values in study
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range | highest data value - lowest data value
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lower class limit | smallest possible number that belongs to each class
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upper class limit | largest possible number that belongs to each class
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class width | difference between 2 consecutive lower class limits
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Frequency Histogram | touching bar graph, x=class midpoints, y=frequency
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Frequency Polygon | line graph that represents continuous change, x=class midpoints, y=frequency, need a midpoint less and higher than table midpoints for frequency of 0
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Relative Frequency Histogram | touching bar graph, x= class midpoints, y= relative frequency
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Ogive | line graph with no closure, x= class boundaries, y= cumulative frequency
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Class Midpoint | (lower class limit + its upper class limit)/2
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relative frequency | (class frequency/ total frequency)x100%
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cumulative frequency | class frequency + all previous frequencies
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class boundary | the average between a upper limit and the next lower limit
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Dot Plot | each data value represented as a point (dot) above a horizontal axis, multiple data values are represented by stacked dots
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Pareto Chart | bar graph ( not touching) with decreasing frequencies from left to right
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Range | R=max value - mininum value
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Deviation | difference of value and mean of data set ( dev= x- mean)
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Variance | average of the squared deviations from the mean ( take each deviation and square it)
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Standard Deviation | square root of the variance ((E(x-m)^2)/N) sample=same but n-1
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Empirical Rule | 68% of data= 1 stdev., 95% of data= 2 stdev, 99.7% of data= 3 stdev
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Empirical Rule Unusual | more than 2 standard deviations away from the mean ( outlier??)
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Empirical Rule Very Unusual | more than 3 standard deviations away from the mean (outlier***)
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First Quartile (Q1) | 25% of the data is at or below ( median of lower half)
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Second Quartile (Q2) | 50% of the data is at or below (median)
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Third Quartile (Q3) | 75% of the data is at or below ( median of lower half)
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Interquartile Range (IQR) | Q3-Q1
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Finding Outlier fences | step= IGR(1.5), Q1- step, Q3 + step
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Five number summary | min, Q1, Q2, Q3, max
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Percentile | breaks a data set up into 100 equal parts (Pk=Kth percentile)
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Standard Score (z-score) | z=(x-mean/st.dev.)
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Quartile | splits the data into 4 equal parts
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probability experiment | action/trial through which specific results are obtained
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outcome | result of a single trial
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sample space (S) | set of all possible outcomes
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event(E) | subset(part) of a sample space
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simple event | event with single outcome
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compound event | more than one outcome
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fundamental counting principle | if one event can occur in "m" ways and a second event can occur in "n" ways, the # of ways both events occur in sequence is:
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subjective probability | result from intuition, educated guess, estimates
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empirical/statistical probability | based on observations P(E)=freq. of E./total freq.
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classical/theoretical probability | # of outcome in E(# favorable)/total # of possible outcomes(# in S)
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law of large numbers | as an experiment is repeated over and over, empirical probability of an event approaches the theoretical(actual) probability of the event
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properties of probability | 1) 0<=P(E)<=1 prob. is never negative prob. is never bigger than 1 2)P(E)=1=certain event 3)P(E)=0=impossible event EP(S)=1
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complement of event E | P(not E)=P(E^1) P(not E)=1-P(E)
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conditional probability | probability of B given that A has already occurred P(B|A)=P(B and A)/P(A)
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independent events | one event does NOT affect the probability of the occurrence of the other event P(B|A)=P(B)
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dependent events | the first affects the second conditional
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multiplication rule | probability that 2 events occur in sequence P(A and B)=P(A and then B) independent=P(A and B)=P(A)*P(B) dependent=P(A and B)=P(A)*P(B|A)
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mutually exclusive | A and B can't occur at the same time
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addition rule | not mutually exclusive=P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B) mutually exclusive=P(A)+P(B)
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n factorial | n!=n(n-1)(n-2)...3*2*1 3!=3*2*1=6
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permutation | an arrangement of "n" objects, taking "n" objects and putting them in order n!
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permutations of n objects taken r at a time | "n" objects=group of "r" objects, order matters!!! nPr=n!/(n-r)!
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distinguishable permutations | ordered arrangement, repeats!, n!/(n1!n2!...nk!)
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Combinations | a part of the whole group, order does not matter, nCr=n!/(r!(n-r)!)
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