1.6.09

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Cranial Perfusion Pressure = _______+________

Mean Arterial Pressure+Intracranial Pressure

Made up of 2 layers called the periosteal layer and meningeal layer

Dura Mater

Has filaments that anchor next layer to dura. It contains the vessels which run on top of the brain and is bathed in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).

Arachnoid Mater

Tissue layer (delicate and thin) that covers the entire surface of the brain. It dives into the sulcus grooves and adheres to the brain’s surface.

Pia Mater

Space between the skull and the dura

Epidural space

Space between the dura and the arachnoid

Subdural space

Prevent side to side motion of the spinal cord

Dentate ligaments

Attaches spinal cord to base of spinal column, and anchors it tightly

Filum terminale

Fluid fills between periosteum and dura. Looks like a round lens shaped filling. This is due to the fact that the dura gets pushed down into CNS

Epidural Hemorrhage

Fluid fills between dura and arachnoid layers. Will form a crescent shape, as the blood will follow the contour of the brain

Subdural Hemorrhage

Brain matter is forced underneath falx cerebri and cortex is squeezed along midline

Midline herniation

Uncus is pushed through cerebelli tentorium and puts pressure on the brainstem (mostly midbrain)

Uncal herniation

Cerebellar tonsils move downward through the foramen magnum, possibly causing lower brainstem compression and upper cervical spinal cord compression as they pass through the foramen magnum

Cerebellar Tonsils herniation

A series of interconnected, cerebral spinal fluid filled spaces that lie in the core of the forebrain and brainstem

The Ventricular System

connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle at the midline of the brain

Foramen of Monro

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

Cerebral aqueduct

connects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space/cistern of great cerebral vein

Foramen of Luschka

connects 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space/cisterna magna

Foramen of Magendie

Opening in subarachnoid space that serves as a holding tank for CSF

Cistern

Area on the ventricles of the brain where CSF is produced

Choroid plexus

Pressure-driven pumps that dump CSF into venous space

Arachnoid granulations

Trace the flow of CSF

chorioid plexus→lateral ventricle→foramen of Monro→3rd ventricle → cerebral aqueduct→ 4th ventricle→cisterns→gets pushed out into arachnoid space→ arachnoid granulation→venous sinuses

When there is more than normal amount of CSF in brain

Hydrocephalus

Cells that control the substances and molecules that enter the brain.

Blood Brain Barrier

Local signaling where the chemical signal is broken down too quickly to travel throughout the body

Paracrine Signaling

Chemical signaling hormones are sent throughout the body to affect cells at a distant location through the vascular system – called neurohormones

Endocrine Signaling

Transmission of the signal is achieved through the use of gap junctions between neighboring cells, whereby passage of small molecules between the interconnected cells is allowed

Electrical Synaptic Signaling

Transmission of the neural signal is achieved by use of a chemical neurotransmitter

Chemical Synaptic Signaling

Acts just like native neurotransmitter

Agonist

Binds to native neurotransmitter receptor, but does nothing

Antagonist

Binds to native neurotransmitter receptor, has opposite effect

Inverse agonist