AP Bio Chapter 14
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| Character | a heritable feature that varies amoung individuals
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| trait | each variant for a character
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| true-breeding | when offspring are of the same variety as their parent
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| hybridization | the mating or cross breeding of two varieties
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| monohybrid cross | the term for a cross that tracks the inheritance of a single character
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| P generation | (parental) the true-breeding parents
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| F1 generation | (for first filial, refering to the offspring) their hybrid offspring
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| F2 generation | (second filial)the product of when the F1 hybrids self-pollenate
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| alleles | an alternative form of a gene
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| dominant allele | fully expressed in the organism's appearance
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| recessive allele | has no noticable effect on the organism's appearance
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| law of segregation | Mendel's first law that states that the allele pairs segregates independently during gametes formation, and then randomly re-form pairs during the fusion of gametes at fertilization
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| homozygous | an organism having a pair of identical alleles for a character for the gene controlling that character
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| heterozygous | organisms having two different alleles for a gene
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| phenotype | the distinction between an organisms appearance, ratio of dominant:recessive
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| genotype | the distinction between the genetic make-up , ratio of BB:Bb:bb
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| dihybrid cross | the mating between parents with two different characteristics
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| law of independent assortment | the independent segregation of each pair of alleles during gamete formation
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| incomplete dominance | where the F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhere in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
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| complete dominance | the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
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| codominance | in which both alleles are separately manifest in the phenotype
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| pleiotropy | the ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways
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| epistasis | when a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gener at a second locus
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| quantitative characters | a heritable feature in a population that varies continuously as a result of environmental influences ans the additive effect of two or more genes
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| polygenic inheritances | ann additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (the converse of pleiotropy where a single gene affects several phenotypic characters)
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| norm of reaction | the phenotypic range for a genetype
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| pedigree | the organization of the information describing the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
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| cystic fibrosis | the most common lethal genetic disease in the US
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| Tay-Sachs disease | a lethal disorder inherited as a recessive allele, higher risk in Jewish people
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| sickle cell disease | the most common inherited disease amoung blacks, caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein of red blood cells
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| Huntington's Disease | a degenerative disease of the nervous system, is caused by a lethal dominant allele that has no obvious phenotypic effect until the individual is 35 to 45 in age
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| amniocentesis | tests that can determine whether the developing fetus has Tay-Sachs disease
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| chorionic villus sampling(CVS) | when the physician suctions off a small amount of fetal tissue from the placenta
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