Final for aanp 231
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| Monosacchride (simple sugar) to... | polysacchride (complex carbs)
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| Amino acids to... | proteins (poly peptide)
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| fatty acids to... | fats (lipids)
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| nucleotides to... | DNA, Rna, nucleic acids
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| Glial cells | Astrocytes (loving moving caring), Microglials (immunity), ependymal (moves fluid in brain), schwann (Makes myelin sheath), oligodrendrocytes (makes Myelin sheath)
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| Astrocytes | moves, feeds, cares for neurons
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| microglial | immunity
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| ependymal | moves fluid in the brain
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| shwann cells | makes the myelin sheath
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| oligodrendrocyte | makes the myelin sheath
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| neutrotransmitters | ACH, Gaba, Glutamate, dopamine, seratonine, epiniphrine
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| ACH | Excitory muscle, inhibitory guts
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| GABA | inhibitory everywhere
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| Glutamate | excitory everywhere
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| epinephrine | excitory everywhere
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| dopamine | excitory brain, inhibitory motor function
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| seratonine | excitory everywhere
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| blood ph | 7.35-7.45
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| white meat | thick muscle fibers, powerful, low endurance, lactic acid byproduct, anaroebic
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| dark meat | thin muscle fibers, long endurance, lasts for hours, areobic lots of mitochondria
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| Tonicity of red blood cell (salt content concentration) | 350 nacl
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| hypertonic | more salt/stuff
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| hypotonic | less salt/stuff
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| osmosis | movement of water through the membrane
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| Joint structures | Fiberous, cartilagenous, synovial
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| Fiberous | Welding bones with fiber, suture (skull), No movement. Synarthrotic
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| Cartilagenous | fibrocartilage, hyline. Ribs and Spine,protection Amphiarthrotic
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| Synovial | Fluid filled sacs allow the bones to float. Ball and socket joints and much movement. Diarthrotic
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| Synovial joint types | plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
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| ossification | process of replacing other tissue with bone. Allways referes to the formation of bone usually referes to going from cartilage to bone
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| Calcitriol | promotes calcium and phosphate absorption along digestive tract
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| growth hormone source and function | pituitary gland, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
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| thyroxine | thyroid gland, same as growth hormone
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| sex hormones | ovaries, testes. Stimulates osteoblast activity and synthesis of bone matrix
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| parathyroid | parathyroid stimulates osteoclast activity,
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| calcitonin | stimulates osteoblasts activity
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| osteopenia | inadequate ossification
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| osteoporosis | when reduction of bone mass is reduced to a level that makes the bone less functional
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| osteoblasts | builds bone
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| osteoclasts | destroys bone
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| 4 ways to make good bone | calcium in diet, vitamin d, hormones like estrogen, wolffs law (if you stress a bone it will grow stronger
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| polar molecule | charged
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| non-polar molecule | non charged (usually fat)
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| epidermis | outermost layer of skin, contains Stratums: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
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| dermis | between epidermis and hypodermis. Contains layers papillary and reticular layers
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| can lucy's grandma spin bass | Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granuloseum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
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| hypodermis | subcutaneous layer below the dermis. Fat and blood vessels
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| keratinocytes | layers of dead cells have large amounts of keratin
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| Stratum basale | stem cells responsible for cell division and producitn the layers of skin, contain merkel cells, melanocytes, live
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| stratum spinosum | above basale layer, contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes, cells have shrunk but kept skeletin and then look spiny, live
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| stratum granuloseum | above spinoseum, making much keratin and beginning to flatten out and toughen up, live
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| stratum lucideum | a clear layer of flat glassy cells packed with keratin. dead, thick skin only
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| stratum corneum | has 15-30 layers of keratinized cells, water resistant layer, dry and unsuitable for microorganism growth, dead
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| insensible perspiration | losing water throughout the entire surface of body...not aware of it.
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| sensible perspiration | sweating through active sweat glands
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| carotine | orange-yellow pigment, usually found in epidermal cells
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| melanin | brown, yellow-brown pigment produced by melanocytes
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| layers of dermis | outermost: papillary, innermost: reticular layer
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| papillary layer | areolar tissue, contains capillaries, lymphatic and sensory nuerons, creates ridges (fingerprints)
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| reticular layer | interwoven meshwork of dense irregular tissue with collegen and elastic fibers
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| hypodermis | composed of areolar and adipose and is elastic
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| free nerve endings | pain receptor
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| meissners | light touch
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| pacinian | deep touch or pressure
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| merkel cells | Spiky hhemishperes that form sensitive touch receptors
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| langerhans | cells that play a role in immunity
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| melanocytes | spidery black cells that produce the pigment called melanin
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| simple squamous epithelium | single layer of flat cells, allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration where protection isn't needed, kidney, air sacs of lungs lining
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| simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer of cube shaped cells, secretion and absorption, kidney small glands
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| simple columnar epithelium | single layer of tall cells with nucleus at base, absorption and secretion of mucus, digestive track
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| psuedostratified columnar epithelium | has ciliated (hairs) single layer of columnar cells, used for getting (secreting) mucus by the cillia action, trachea
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| stratified squamous epithelial | thick membrane made of many layers, basal (basement) cells are cuboidal or columnar, surface cells are flat, when keratinized have a layer of dead cells, protection from abrasion, nonkeratinized are line the esophegas, mouth, skin
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| stratified cuboidal epithelium | 2 layers, protection, glands (mammary, sweat, and salivary)
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| stratified columnar epithilium | many layers of elongated cells with nucleus at base, portection and secretion, small amounts in male uretha, (rare)
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| transitional epithelium | resembles cuboidal and columnar but is neither, stretches and twists enough to be used in the badder w/o tearing
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| areolar | gel matrix with 3 types of fiber, fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, wraps and cushions organs, widely distributed under skin
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| adipose | sparse matrix, mostly made of fat cells nucleus pushed to outer edge of cell by fat droplet, reserve fuel, insolation against heat loss, cushions for organs, under skin, around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, breasts
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| reticular | network of fibers, (reticular) and reticular cells within the network, fibers form a soft internal skeleton to support white blood cells, lymphoid organs
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| dense regular | mostly parallel collogen fibers made of figbroblast cells, attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, withstands great stress, tendons, ligaments
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| dense irregular | mostly irregularly arranged collagen fibers, mostly fibroblast cells, able to stand tension exerted form many different directions, kin, digestive track joints.
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| hyline (cartilage) | firm matrix (collagen fibers make an impenetrable matrix), cells live in lacuna, CAT EYE, supports and reinforces, cushions, resists compression stress, cartilage in ribs, nose, laraynx
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| elastic (cartilage) | close to hyaline but with more fibers, maintains the shape of structure while allowing great flexibility, ear CAT EYE
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| fibrocartilage | CAT EYE, less firm than hyaline w/ thick collagen fibers, tensile strength with ablity to absorb shock, intervertebral discs
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| bone | hard calcified matrix with collagen fibers, support and protect, make blood, bones
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| blood | red and white blood cells in plasma matrix, transport respirtory gases nutrients and waste, blood vessels
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| Nervous tissue | nurons cell body with branching "cell processes), transmit electircal signals from receptors, brain and spinal cord
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| skeletal muscle | long cylindrical multinucleate cells obvious strations, voluntary movement, skeletal muscles attached to bones
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| cardiac muscle | branching stripped generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs) as it contracts it propells blood into circulation, involuntary control, the walls of the heart
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| smooth muscle | spindle-shape cells with central nuclei, no strips, cells arranged closely to form sheets, prepels substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary control, guts
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| integumentary system organs | skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
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| integumentary system functions | protects against environmental hazards, regulate body temp, provides sensory info
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| skeletal system organs | bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
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| skeletal system functions | provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
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| muscular system organs | muscles and associated tendons
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| muscular system functions | provides movement, protections and support for other tissues and generates heat that maintains body temp
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| nervous system organs | peripheral nerves, sense organs
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| nervous system functions | directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides or interprets sensory information about external conditions
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| endocrine system organs | pituitary endocrine tissues in other systems
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| endocrine system functions | directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
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| cardiovascular system organs | heart, blood, blood vessels
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| cardiovascular system functions | distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
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| lymphoid system organs | spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
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| lymphoid system functions | defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
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| digestive system organs | teeth esophagus intestine gallbladder, pancreas
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| digestive system functions | processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients stores energy reserves
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| reproductive system organs | testes, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, scrotum
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| female reproductive system organs | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
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| male reproductive system functions | hormones, sexual intercourse
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| female reproductive system functions | embryoconception to delivery, provides milk to nourish newborn infant, sexual intercourse
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| urinary system organs | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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| urinary system functions | prior regulates pH
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| respiratory system organs | nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
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| respiratory system functions | delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, produces sounds for communication
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| receptor | stimulus
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| control center (integrations center) | receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
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| effector | activities either opposes or enhances the stimulus
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| negative feed back | the effector activated opposes or negates the original stimulus
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| positive feedback | produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions.
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| positive feedback loop | when the internal temperature gets to hot, and as a response the temp increases instead of decreases and loops like so
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| peroxisome | detox (free radicals)
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| ribosomes | makes protien
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| mitochondria | makes atp (energy)
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| nucleolos | makes ribosomes
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| smooth er | makes fat or lipids
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| golgi apparatus | packages and ships
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| rough er | makes protien
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| nucleous | control center, fixer repairs
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| cell membrane | protection, boundry
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