Female Reproductive System
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| Under the germinal epithelium, the ovary is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue called what? | Tunica albuginea
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| Under the tunica albuginea of the ovary is what layer? | Cortical region
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| Cortical region of the ovary consist of what? | Follicles embedded in the stroma (respond to hormonal stimuli)
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| The inner most part of the ovary is called what? | Medulla (rich vascular bed with loose connective tissue)
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| At 1 month gestation, primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to what? | Gonadal primordia (divide and transform into oogonia)
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| Beginning of the first month oogonia enter what? | First prophase of meiosis as primary oocytes (stop in the diplotene stage)
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| Primary oocytes are surrounded by flattened cells called what? | Follicular cells
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| How many oocytes are actually released throughout the reproductive life span? | 450
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| An ovarian follicle consist of what? | An oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of follicular cells
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| The basal lamina marks the boundary between what in the follicular cell? | Follicle and surrounding stroma
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| Follicles formed during fetal life are called what? Consist of what? | Primordial follicles and consist of an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells
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| Primordial follicles are located where? | Superficial layer of the cortical region
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| Follicular growth is stimulated by what? | FSH
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| Follicular cells divide by mitosis and form a single layer of cuboidal cells known as what? | Unilaminar primary follicle
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| Follicular cells continue to proliferate forming what? | Stratified follicular layer (granulosa layer)
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| A thick amorphous layer is secreted around the oocyte called what? | Zona pellucida (follicle is now called the multilaminar primary (preantral) follicle
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| Filopodia of the follicular cells and microvilli of the oocyte penetrate the zona pellucida and make contact with each other through what? | Gap junctions
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| As the follicle grows, they move deeper into the cortical region, liquid (liqor folliculi) begins to accumulate between the follicular cells. This liquid space is know as? | Antrum
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| A group of cells that protrudes toward the interior of the antrum is known as what? | Cumulus oophorus
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| The cumulus oophorus contains the oocyte and a group of follicular cells concentrated around the oocyte known as what? | Corona radiata (considered the secondary or antral follicle)
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| Stroma cells surrounding the follicle also differentiate into what? | Theca folliculi (theca interna and theca externa)
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| Theca interna cells secrete what? | Steroids (androstenedione)
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| Androstenedione is transported to the granulosa cell layer where it is converted to what? | Estrogen
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| The theca externa is mainly organized layers of what? | Fibroblasts around the theca interna
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| The dominant follicle reaches the most developed stage of follicular growth called what? | Mature (preovulatory or Graafian) follicle
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| The whole process of growth from primordial to mature follicle takes how many days? | 90 days
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| Atresia of follicles is most intense at times of what? | Hormonal change (birth, puberty, at pregnancy)
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| Ovulation consist of what? | Rupture of part of the wall of the mature follicle and liberation of the oocyte.
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| The stimulus for ovulation is a surge of what? | LH in response to high levels of estrogen produced by the growing follicle.
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| The first meiotic division of ovulation occurs when? | Just prior to ovulation
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| Immediately after expulsion of the first polar body what occurs? | Second meiotic division begins (stops in metaphase)
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| After rupture of the follicular wall the oocyte and first polar body (both enclosed by the zona pellucida), corona radiata and some follicular fluid leave the ovary and enter what? | Uterine tube (where the oocyte may be fertilized)
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| After ovulation the granulosa cells and theca interna reorganize into a temporary endocrine gland called what? | Corpus luteum
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| Granulosa cells enlarge and take on the characteristics of what in the corpus luteum? | Steroid secreting cells (are now called granulosa lutein cells)
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| The theca interna cells are called what in the corpus luteum? | Theca lutein cells
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| Due to LH, the cells of the corpus luteum change enzyme effects and begin to secrete what? | Progesterone and estrogen (programmed to secrete for 10-12 days)
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| If pregnancy is not established, the corpus luteum degenerates and leaves a scar called what? | Corpora albicans
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| If pregnancy is established, trophoblastic cells secrete what? | Human chorionic gonadotrpin (hCG). Rescues the corpus luteum from degeneration, causes its growth and stimulates the secretion of progesterone.
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| Actions of hCG are similar to what? | LH
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| The corpus luteum persists for how long? | 4-5 months
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| The uterine tubes consist of of three layers. What are they? | Mucosa, muscularis and serosa
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| What epithelium does the mucosa of the uterine tubes consist of? | Simple columnar and lamina propria of loose connective tissue
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| Estrogen causes what to happen to the uterine tube? | Causes hypertrophy and ciliogenesis
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| Progesterone causes what to happen to the uterine tube? | Increases the number of secretory cells
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| At ovulation what does the uterine tube actively do? | Moves toward the ovary (favors entry of the oocyte into the tube)
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| The oocyte can remain viable for how long in the uterine tube? | 24 hours
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| Uterine tube secretions do what? | Contain nutrients for the oocyte and promotes capacitaion of spermatozoa
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| Fertilization occurs where? | AMPULLA
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| Penetration of the oocyte by the spermatazoon triggers what? | Completion of the second meiotic division (generates second polar body and leaves oocyte ready to combine with DNA of spermatazoon)
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| What are the three layers of the uterus? | The outermost layer is either serosa or a connective tissue adventitia, muscular layer composed of smooth muscle (myometrium) and a mucosal layer called the endometruim)
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| During pregnancy the myometrium undergoes what? | Hypertrophy and hyperplasia (smooth muscle also actively synthesizes collagen)
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| The endometrium consist of what? | Epithelium and lamina propria with tubular glands
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| The lamina propra of the endometrium consist of what type of collagen fibers? | Type III
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| What are the two subdivisions of the endometrium? | Stratum functionale (thicker, more superficial layer is sloughed off during menstration) and stratum basale (deeper layer, serves as the sourse for regeneration of the stratum functionale)
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| What are the two blood suppliers of the endometrium? | Arcuate arteries (branches of the uterine arteries) and the radial arteries (branch of the arcuate arteries)
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| The arcuate artery anastomoses where in the uterus? | In the middle layer of the myometrium
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| Where does the radial arteries enter in the uterus? | Stratum basale of the endometrium
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| Radial arteries give off spiral arteries that are important in what? | Sloughing the stratum functionale
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| What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle? | Menstral phase (4-5 days), proliferative phase (10 days), Secretory phase (14 days)
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| The proliferative phase coincides with what other event? | Rapid growth of a group follicles and their secretion of estrogen
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| Estrogen induces what in the endometrium? | Cell proliferation
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| The secretory phase of menstruation occurs when? | 1 day after ovulation
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| Under the influence of progesterone what changes occur in the stratum functionale? | The endometrium becomes edematous, the glands enlarge and become corkscrew-shaped, and the gland lumens become scculated and fill with secretions.
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| The menstral phase is initiated by what? | The rapid decline in progesterone levels when the corpus luteum stops functioning
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| Periodic contractions of the spiral arteries cause what? | Ischemia of the stratum functionale, results in the disruption of the epithelium and blood vessels and sloughing of the stratum functional occurs.
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| If implantation occurs the menstrual phase is replaced by what? | A gravid phase
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| If fertilization has occurred what occurs? | The fetus will arrive in the uterus on the fifth day after ovulation.
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| After 2 days the zygote develops into what? | Blastocyst (implants into the endometrium on the 7th day)
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| The trophoblastic cells of the uterus begin to secrete what? | hCG (stimulates the continued secretion by the corpus luteum and preserves the endometrium)
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| After implantation the stromal fibroblast become enlarged, round, and exhibit characteristics of protein secreting cells. They are now called what? | Decidual cells (the entire endometrium is referred to as the decidua)
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| The decidua has three layers. What are they? | Decidua basalis (between embryo and myometrium), decidua capsularis (between embryo and the lumen of the uterus), decidua parietalis (the remainder)
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| The lower cylindrical part of the uterus is known as the what? | Cervix
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| The cervix consist of what epithelium? | Dense connective tissue with few muscle fibers. It is lined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium.
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| The amount and properties of cervical mucus vary under the influence of what? | Ovarian hormones
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| During mid cycle what is the condition of cervical mucus? | Amount of mucus increases 10 fold and is less viscous (provides for favorable environment for sperm migration)
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| During pregnancy, cervical glands proliferate and secrete more viscous and abundant mucus which contributes to what? | Mucus plug
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| The portion of the cervix that protrudes into the vagina is called the what? | Ectocervix (covered by stratified squamous epithelium)
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| There is an abrupt transition between the mucus secreting columnar mucosa of the endocervix and the squamous mucosa of the ectocervix called the what? | Transformational zone
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| Where is the transformational zone located? | Just outside the cervical os in women of reproductive age and in the cervical canal before puberty and after menopause.
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| The transformational zone is a pathological site because of what? | Metaplasia and dysplastic changes occur here and can develop into cancer
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| What epithelium lines the vagina? | Stratified squamous epithelium (non-kerantinized)
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| During the follicular phase, under the influence of estrogen, epithelial cells accumulate what as they migrate towards the surface? | Glycogen
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| The outer thicker smooth muscle layer of the vagina is continuous with what other muscle layer? | Uterus
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| The advetitial layer of the vagina has a denser inner layer rich in what? | Elastic fibers
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| During the mentral cycle what happens to the inactive mammary gland? | Near ovulation, under the influence of estrogen, there are increases in secretory cell height and opening of the duct lumens
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| During pregnancy estrogen stimulates what in the mammary gland? | Duct growth
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| During pregnancy progesterone stimulates what in the mammary gland? | Alveolar growth
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| Protein components of lactation are released by what? | Merocrine secretion
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| Lipid components of lactation are released by what? | Apocrine secretion
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| What is the first secretion released by the mammary gland in the first days following birth? | Colostrum
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| Colostrum secretion contains what? | More protein and less fats and carbohydrates than milk produced later, also contains a considerable amount of IgA antibodies
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| What occurs to alveoli with cessation of breast feeding? | Undergo degeneration by apoptosis
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| What happens to the mammary gland after menopause? | It involutes (atrophic changes occur in the connective tissue)
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