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| In a series circuit, components are connected . . . | one after the other in a line ( like elephants in a circus ring) |
| In a parallel circuit, components are connected . . . | side by side ( like rungs on a ladder ) |
| Current is measured using an . . . | ammeter connected in series |
| Voltage is measured using a . . . | voltmeter connected in parallel |
| The current in a series circuit depends on . . . | the number of cells and the number and type of components connected |
| The current in a series circuit is . . . | the same for all series components ( it is not 'used up' but returns to the battery) |
| When a battery is connected to a series circuit it transfers . . . | energy to the components ( e.g. a light bulb ) |
| A magnetic field is a region of space where 'magnetic' materials experience . . . | a force |
| Magnetic materials include . . . | iron, steel, cobalt and nickel |
| Like magnetic poles will . . . | REPEL |
| Unlike magnetic poles will . . . | attract |
| A current in a coil of wire produces . . . | a magnetic field ( like that of a bar magnet) |
| An electromagnet works because . . . | an electric current flows in a coil of wire |
| Electromagnets are used in . . . | scrapyards for lifting iron and steel (e.g. old cars) |
| A relay is a device which uses . . . | an electromagnet as a switch. |
| The speed of a moving object is equal to . . . | distance travelled / time taken |
| Weight is . . . | the force of gravity acting on a mass |
| An unbalanced force will . . . | change the speed and direction of movement of an object |
| Balanced forces produce . . . | no change in movement of an object |
| A frictional force will . . . | slow down a moving object |
| Examples of frictional forces are . . . | air resistance or drag |
| If a car is streamlined this means that . . . | there is less drag due to air resistance |
| When a car skids this happens because . . . | there is not enough friction between the tyres and the road surface |
| Skiers can go quite fast downhill because . . . | there is very little fricition between the skis and the snow |
| An ice skater goes quickly because . . . | the force of friction is very low |
| A force can cause an object to turn if . . . | it acts about a pivot (e.g. a spanner) |
| The product of a force and its distance from a pivot is called a . . . | moment ( or torque) |
| If the moments on each side of the pivot are equal then . . . | the object is in equilibrium ( it will not turn) |
| A see saw works because . . . | the moments on each side of the pivot are equal ( or nearly so ! ) |
| Pressure is equal to . . . | force / area |
| A ski does not sink into soft snow because . . . | the weight of the skier is spread over a large area |
| An ice skater exerts a large pressure on the ice because . . . | the blade of the skate is narrow |
| A thin wire is used to cut cheese because . . . | it exerts a large pressure on the cheese |
| Hydraulic brakes make use of . . . | pressure in a liquid |
| A drawing pin is easy to push in because . . . | it has a large head and a sharp point ( pressure is highest under the point) |
| In a uniform medium, light travels . . . | in a straight line at a finite speed ( 300 000 km/sec) |
| Objects which emit light are called . . . | luminous (e.g. Sun, fireflies) |
| Non luminous objects can only be seen because . . . | light scattered from them enters the eye |
| When light is reflected from a plane surface, the angle at at which it strikes the surface is equal to . . . | the angle of reflection from the surface |
| When light crosses a boundary between two different materials it is . . . | refracted ( changes direction and speed ) |
| Isaac Newton explained that white light can be . . . | dispersed to give a range of colours |
| When a white object is viewed through a green filter it appears . . . | green because white reflects green light |
| When a red object is viewed through a blue filter it appears . . . | black because red absorbs blue light |
| An object which appears blue in white light does so because . . . | it reflects blue light ( and absorbs all other colours) |
| Sound waves can be heard because they . . . | make the eardrum vibrate |
| Older people are hard of hearing because . . . | they cannot detect higher frequencies of sound |
| Dog whistles cannot normally be heard by humans because . . . | dogs can hear higher frequencies than humans |
| If you listen to loud music for too long it can cause . . . | temporary deafness (hearing loss) |
| People who work in noisy factories need to wear ear defenders because . . . | loud noises cause deafness |
| Light can travel through a vacuum but . . . | sound cannot (it needs a physical medium such as air) |
| The speed of sound compared to the speed of light is much . . . | LESS |
| Lightning is always seen before we hear thunder because. . . | light travels much faster than sound |
| The loudness of sound depends on its . . . | amplitude |
| The frequency of a sound is usually called its . . . | PITCH |
| The Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west because . . . | the Earth spins from west to east |
| The Earth completes one orbit around the Sun in the course of . . . | one year ( 365.25 days approximately) |
| The Earth and the other planets all revolve around . . . | the Sun |
| Some of the planets are closer to the Sun than the Earth. Which ? | Mercury and Venus |
| The largest of the planets is . . . | Jupiter |
| The furthest planet from the Sun is . . . | Pluto |
| The planets remain in orbit because of . . . | the Sun's gravitational pull |
| The Moon revolves around the Earth because of . . . | the Earth's gravity |
| Stars emit light but planets . . . | reflect light from the Sun |
| Planets far from the Sun move more slowly in their orbits because . . . | gravity decreases with distance |
| Artificial satellites are placed in orbit around the Earth to . . . | observe the Earth and its weather. |
| Spacecraft can also be sent away from Earth to . . . | explore the solar system |
| Renewable energy resources on the Earth include . . . | solar, wind, wave and tidal energy |
| Non -renewable resources of energy include . . . | coal, oil and natural gas |
| What is the name of an energy resource derived from things which were once alive? | Biomass |
| Electrical energy can be stored in a . . . | battery |
| The source of all our fossil fuels is . . . | the Sun |
| Fossil fuels formed . . . | millions of years ago from plants and animals |
| Electricity can be generated by . . . | coal, oil, gas, wind, waves, solar, biomass, etc . . . |
| The purpose of a power station is to . . . | produce electricity from a variety of fuels |
| Heat is a form of . . . | ENERGY |
| The amount of heat energy a body contains is indicated by its . . . | temperature |
| When heat energy is transferred from one body to another, it flows from . . . | hot to cold |
| Heat energy can be transferred in solids by . . . | conduction |
| Heat energy can be transferred in liquids and gases by . . . | convection |
| Heat energy can be transferred through a vacuum (space) by . . . | radiation |
| When a liquid is left in an open dish for several days it will . . . | evaporate |
| During conduction of heat, particles transfer energy by . . . | vibration |
| During convection, energy is transferred by . . . | the motion of particles |
| During the transfer of energy by radiation . . . | waves travel directly through space |
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be . . . | transferred from one form to another |
| Energy is always conserved but it may be . . . | dissipated (lost to the surroundings) |
| Energy usually escapes as heat. This means that . . . | less energy is available as a resource |
| Energy is used in a number of different ways in the home. Name three. | Electric light, heating, cooking, etc. |
| Health and safety are important issues for the use of energy in the home. Give one example. | Don't leave a chip pan on the cooker when it is turned on. |
| Scientists measure temperature in degrees . . . | celcius |
