Urinary System
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| What are the components of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
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| What are the functions of the urinary system? | Eliminates metabolic waste products, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, produces renin and erythropoietin
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| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | NEPHRON
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| What are the two parts of the nephron? | Renal corpuscule and tubular part
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| Main function of the renal corpuscle? | Filtration
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| Main function of the tubular part? | Absorption and secretion
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| The renal corpuscle consists of what two parts? | Glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
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| The glomerulus consists of what? | Tuft of capillaries
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| The internal layer of Bowman's capsule does what? | Envelopes the capillaries of the glomerulus
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| The outer layer of Bowman's capsule does what? | Defines the external limits of the renal corpuscle
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| The space between the internal and outer layers of Bowman's capsule is called what? | The urinary space
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| The vascular pole of the renal corpuscle has what orientation with respect to arterioles? | Afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits
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| What happens to the afferent arteriole in Bowman's capsule? | It branches into the capillaries of the glomerulus then the capillaries merge back to form the efferent arteriole.
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| The urinary pole of the renal corpuscle is the beginning of what? | The tubular part of the nephron
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| The urinary space connects to what? | The lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule
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| The outer (parietal) layer of the Bowman's capsule consists of what type of epithelium? | Simple squamous
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| The inner (visceral) layer of the Bowman's capsule consists of what epithelium? | Podocytes (highly specialized cell layer)
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| Each podocyte gives rise to several what? | Primary processes
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| Primary processes give rise to what? | Secondary processes (pedicles or foot processes)
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| How do secondary processes interact with the capillaries? | They interdigitate and embrace the capillaries
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| Filtration slits are located where? | In between adjacent secondary processes of the podocytes
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| What are Glomerular capillaries? | Fenestrated endothelial cells, no diaphragm
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| In the renal corpuscle, what lies between the capillary endothelium and the podocytes? | Basement membrane
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| The basement membrane serves what purpose? | Filtration barrier between the blood and the urinary space (both a physical barrier and a charge barrier)
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| The chemical composition of the glomerular filtrate is similar to what and does not contain any what? | Plasma, protein
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| How much filtrate is produced every minute? | 125 ml (only yield 1 ml of urine)
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| What cells are within the capillary tuft adhering to the capillary walls? | Mesangial cells
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| Mesangial cells provide what for the glomerulus? | Support (they also synthesize extracellular matrix and endocytose molecules trapped in the basement membrane)
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| What important function does mesangial cells provide for the glomerulus? | They are contractile cells and control blood flow through the glomerulus
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| Mesangial cells have receptors for what? | Angiotesin II (causes contraction and decreased blood flow) and atrial naturetic factor (causes relaxation and increased blood flow)
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| The proximal convoluted tubule is connected to the renal corpuscle where? | The urinary pole
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| The proximal convoluted tubule consists of what epithelium? | Simple cuboidal
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| Apical canaliculi of the proximal convoluted tubule does what? | Increases the capacity to absorb macromolecules, absorbs all glucose and amino acids, 85% of NaCl and water
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| The proximal convoluted tubules secretes what? | Creatinine, organic acids/bases from the blood
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| What are the two groups nephrons are divided into? | Cortical nephrons (short loops) and juxtamedullary nephrons (long loops the extend into the medulla)
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| The long loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons establish what? | Osmotic gradient that is present on the medulla
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| The osmotic gradient that is present in the medulla makes it possible to do what? | Produce hypertonic urine and conserve water
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| The osmotic gradient in the medulla runs from near __________ at the base of the medulla to _________ at the tip. | Isoosmotic, hyperosmotic (4 times plasma)
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| The osmotic gradient of the medulla is established by what? | The permeability of the thin descending and thin ascending limbs to water and NaCl.
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| What does epithelium does the distal convoluted tubule consist of? | Simple cuboidal
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| How does the distal convoluted tubule differ from the proximal convoluted tubule? | No brush border, no apical canaliculi and they have smaller cells
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| What occurs at the distal convoluted tubule? | Absorbs Na and secretes K (aldosterone dependent) also secretes H+ and ammonium (acid-base balance)
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| The course of the distal convoluted tubule leads it back to where? | The vascular pole of its parent renal corpuscle
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| The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located where? | The beginning of the distal convoluted tubule
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| What are the three cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Cells of the macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
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| The macula densa is considered what? | A modified segment of the distal convoluted tubule
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| Cells of the macula densa are sensitive to what? | The ionic content and water volume of the tubular fluid
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| What are JG cells? | Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
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| What is absent from the arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Internal elastic lamina
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| JG cells secrete what? | RENIN
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| The juxtaglomerular apparatus activates what? | Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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| Macula densa cells signal JG cells to secrete what? | Renin
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| Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete what? | Aldosterone
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| What connects a distal convoluted tubule to a collecting duct? | Collecting tubule
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| As collecting ducts become more distal they transition from what to what? | Simple cuboidal to columnar
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| Collecting tubules/ducts are lined by what two cell types? | Light cells (located throughout the duct) and dark cells
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| Dark cells of collecting ducts secrete what? | H+ or bicarbonate
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| Collecting ducts become permeable to water in the presence of what? | ADH
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| The renal artery branches to form what? | INTERLOBAR arteries (located between medullary pyramids)
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| Interlobular form what at the corticomedullary junction? | Arcuate arteries
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| Arcuate arteries give off what at right angles in the cortex that are perpendicular to the renal capsule? | INTERLOBULAR arteries
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| Interlobular arteries give off what that enters the renal corpuscles? | Afferent arterioles
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| Afferent arterioles divide into what? | Capillaries of the glomerulus
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| Capillaries of the glomerulus merge in to what? | Efferent arteriole
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| Efferent arterioles branch into what? | Peritubular capillary network
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| Efferent arterioles from the juxtamedullary glomeruli forms what? | Vasa recta
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| What is the vasa recta? | Long straight vessels that descend alongside the loop of Henle into the medulla
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| The vasa recta maintains what? | The osmotic gradient of the medulla
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| Cortical capillaries drain into what? | INTERLOBULAR veins
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| Interlobular veins and medullary veins drain into what? | Arcuate veins
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| Arcuate veins drain into what? | INTERLOBAR veins
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| Interlobar veins drain into what? | Renal vein
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| Capillaries from the outermost cortex and renal capsule drain into what? | Stellate veins
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| Stellate veins drain into what? | INTERLOBULAR veins
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| Once urine leave the collecting duct at the renal papillae, what happens to it? | It is no longer modified and enters the ureter
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| The lining of the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis and ureter is what type of epithelium? | Transitional epithelium (urothelium- essentially impermeable to salts and water)
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| The ureter has two muscle layers, what are they? | Inner loose spiral layer (longitudinal) and and outer tight spiral layer (circular)
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| Adventitia consists of what? | Retroperitoneal adipose tissue, vessels and nerves
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| At the bladder neck muscles form a ring-like arrangement around the opening of the urethra called what? | Internal urethral sphincter
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