Endocrine Organs: Adrenal Glands
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| The adrenal cortex secretes what? | Steroid hormones
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| The adrenal medulla secretes what? | Catecholamines
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| The cortical cells of the adrenal medulla originate from what? | Mesodermal mesenchyme
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| The adrenal medulla originates from what? | NEURAL CREST CELLS
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| What three arteries supply the adrenal gland? | Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries
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| The medulla receives dual blood supply from where? | Arterial blood from the medullary arterioles and venous blood from the cortical sinusoids that have already supplied the cortex.
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| Venules that arise from the cortical and medullary capillaries drain into the small adrenomedullary collecting veins that join to form what? | The central adrenomedullary (adrenal) vein
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| The central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries are unusual because....? | They have a tunica media containing longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth miscle
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| What are the three zones of the adrenal gland? | Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis
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| The zona glomerulosa cell clusters contain what? | Abundant SER, Golgi complexes, large mitochondria, free ribosomes, and some RER
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| What does the zona glomerulosa secrete? | Mineralocorticoids (regulated Na and K homeostasis and water balance)
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| What effects does aldosterone have? | Acts on the distal tubules of the nephron, gastric mucosa and salivary/sweat glands to stimulate resorption of Na and excretion of K by the kidneys.
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| Renin is released by what? | Juxtaglomerular cell in the kidney
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| Renin is released in response to what? | Decrease in BP or low Na levels
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| The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system provides feedback control of what? | Zona glomerulosa
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| Angiotensinogen is converted to what? By what? | Angiotesin I, renin
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| Angiotesin I is converted to what? By what? Where? | Angiotensin II, ACE, in the lung
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| Angiotensin II stimulates the zona glomerulosa to secrete what? | Aldosterone
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| ACE inhibitors are effective in the treatment of what? | Chronic hypertension
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| Cells of the zona fasciculata have what? | Highly developed SER (indicative of steroid secretion), well developed Golgi apparatus and RER
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| Zona fasciculata secrete what? | Glucocorticoids (cortisol), also small amounts of gonadocorticoids (particularly androgens)
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| What effects does cortisol have? | Increases the availability of glucose and fatty acids (immediate energy sources)
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| Glucocorticoids have what general effect? | Depress the immune and inflammatory response (inhibits wound healing) also stimulates the destruction of lymphocytes in lymph nodes.
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| The zona fasciculata is regulated by what? | ACTH
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| Secretions of the zona fasciculata is under the feedback control of what? | CRH-ACTH system
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| ACTH is necessary for what? | Cell growth and maintenance
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| The principal secretion of the zona reticularis consists of what? | Weak androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
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| The zona reticularis is under the feedback control of what? | CRH-ATCH system
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| What are chromaffin cells? | Modified neurons
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| Chromaffin cells release their secretory products when what happens? | When stimuated by impulses by sympathetic fibers
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| Chromaffin cells secrete what? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Chromaffin cells are considered to be what? | Postganglionic neurons (however they lack axons)
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| Large dense core vesicles of chromaffin cells secrete what | Norepinephrine
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| Smaller, less dense vesicles of chromaffin cells secrete what? | Epinephrine
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| Glucocorticoids secreted in the cortex induces what? | The conversion of norepinephine to epinephrine
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