| Question |
 |
|
| Answer |
|
|
| Afterload |
Resistance against which the heart must pump |
| Aldosterone |
Steroid that causes kidneys to retain sodium and water increasing BP |
| Angiotensin 2 |
Constricts arterioles |
| Angiotension Converting Enzyme (ACE) |
converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 |
| AV Node |
transmits pulse from atria to ventricles |
| Automaticity |
ability of the heart to create its own electrical activity |
| Chronotropic |
rate of heart contractions |
| Contractility |
Strength of muscular contraction of heart |
| Inotropy |
Contractility |
| Digitalization |
Cardiac Glycoside loading dose |
| Pacemakers |
cells of the SA node |
| Preload |
amount of blood contained in ventricles before contraction |
| Renin |
released by the kidneys, converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1 |
| SA node |
cells in the right atrium that begins contraction of cardiac muscle |
| Ventricular hypertrophy |
enlargement of the ventricles caused by chronic demands for increased output |
| Cardioglycoside uses? |
increases force of heart contraction; Decrease rate of contraction; Decrease speed of conduction |
| Digoxin therapuetic level? |
0.5-2.0 mg/ml |
| most common cause of dig toxicty? |
improper dose; concurrent diuretic therapy. |
| What is one reason to lower dosage of dig? |
kidney failure |
| what is usual daily maintenence dose of dig? |
0.125-0.25mg |
| What is PO onset time for dig? |
30min - 2hr |
| What is IV onset time for digoxin? |
10-30min |
| what else is needed if patient is on IV digoxin? |
cardiac monitor |
| dig loading dose? |
0.75-1.0mg in divided doses 6-8 hrs apart over a 24 hour period PO; then once daily to maintain. |
| What do you do before ever administering digoxin? |
check pulse for 60 full seconds |
| when do you not give digoxin? |
if heartrate is below 60 |
| What is contraindicated with digoxin? |
antacids |
| what do you do with a missed dose? |
take as soon as possible, no doubling doses. |
| digoxin contraindicated in which three complications? |
severe myocarditis, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricle fibrilation. |
| use digoxin with caution with what condition? |
MI; heart block; renal impairment |
| six factors contributing to digoxin toxicity? |
Large Doses; Impaired renal function; Age (very young or very old); electrolyte imbalances; Hypothyroidism; High fiber meals |
| 3 early s/s of digoxin toxicity |
anorexia; nausea; confusion |
| 2 late s/s of digoxin toxicity |
visual problems, heart rate or rythm changes |
| what do you do if suspected digoxin toxicity? |
DC and give antidote |
| what is the antidote for digoxin toxicity? |
Digibind |
| antidote will start working when? |
within 30min |
| What drug do you give to treat digitalis induced bradycardia |
atropine |
| 3 electrolyte imbalances that put pts at risk for digoxin tox? |
Hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagesium |
| ACE inhibitors are used for what? |
Hypertension |
| ACE inhibitors are first line drugs for what? |
Heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction |
| ACE inhibitors decrease what two things in the heart? |
preload and afterload |
| After first dose of ACE inhibitor what do you instruct and why? |
Tell pt to lay down for a couple of hours due to excessive hypotension. |
| what is major side effect for ace inhibitors |
cough |
| ACE inhibitors can cause an increase in what |
Potassium |
| What do you not give with ACE inhibitors? |
Potassium suppliments |
| Generic names for ace inhibitors end in what? |
'pril |
| What is the prototype ace inhibitor |
Captopril (Capoten) |
| Lotensin is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| Vasotec is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| Nonopril is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| Prinoval (Zestril) is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| Aceon is what type of drug |
Ace inhibitor |
| Accupril is what type of drug |
Ace inhibitor |
| Altace is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| Mavik is what type of drug |
ace inhibitor |
| list 8 ace inhibitors |
Captopril, Lotensin, Vasotec, nonopril, Prinival (zestril), Aceon, Accupril, Altace, Mavik |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors are what? |
peripheral vasodilators |
| what is the main purpose for a Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors? |
increase cardiac output |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors decrease what? |
Ventricular afterload |
| Use Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in what situation? |
short term for severe heart failure not controlled by digoxin |
| Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors can increase the rate of what? |
heart arrythmias |
| Need to be alert for what when giving Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors? |
severe HYPOtension |
| give two Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor examples. |
Inocor and primacor |
| how are inocor and primacor administered? |
IV bolus and continuous drip |
| three adverse side effects with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors |
thrombocytopenia, N/V, abdominal pain |
| what is used to control edema associated with CHF |
diuretics |
| vasodilators will decrease what? |
afterload |
| Angina pectoris |
ischemia of the heart |
| Ready to give up? |
Never!!!!! |
| Classic angina |
AKA: stable angina or exertional angina. just what the name implys |
| Levines sign? |
clenched fist placed over sternum when having chest pain. |
| unstable angina |
): Angina that has a changing intensity and seems to involve rupture of atherosclerotic plaques with accompanying formation of thrombi. It comes at decreasing levels of exertion and often at rest. |
| pts with unstable angina are most likely to have what? |
a big MI |
| Prinzmetal's angina |
AKA: variant angina; A form of angina caused by spasms of the large coronary arteries during which blood flow through the constricted arteriole is reduced. It has no relationship to exercise |
| Prinzmetals angina or variant angina occurs more frequently when? |
the morning. |
| Organic Nitrovasodilators do what? |
produce vasodilation |
| what do you always check before giving Organic Nitrovasodilators? |
blood pressure |
| What is most common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effect |
hypotension |
| what are some less common Organic Nitrovasodilator side effects? |
headache and flushing that will disapear after a few days |
| Isordil is what? |
a Organic Nitrovasodilator |
| Ismo is what type of drug? |
Organic Nitrovasodilator |
| what is the prototype Organic Nitrovasodilator drug? |
nitrogylcerine |
| give three Organic Nitrovasodilators |
nitroglycerine; Isordil; Ismo |
| how can Organic Nitrovasodilators be used? |
prophylactically or acute episodes |
| how is nitroglycerine adminstered? |
sublingual |
| how often is nitro administered? |
q 5 mins x3 |
| the spray nitro goes where? |
also sublingual |
| how else can nitro be administered? |
patch |
| do you ever use your fingers on the nitro patch? |
nope use the papers it come with. |
| what do you want to do to nitro patch sites |
rotate 'em |
| do you put the nitro patch on dry, cracked, or hairy skin? |
noper |
| what do you do to the nitro patch at night? |
remove it |
| can you wear the nitro patch in the water? |
sure can. |
| Can nitro be given IV? |
you betcha |
| what are some reasons for nitro given IV? |
emergency control of BP, and relief from chest pain. |
| if using nitro drip to control bp, how do you do it? |
titrate up until patient has loss of chest pain or untill loss of systolic bp of 20 |
| what do you mix nitro drip in ? |
glass bottle |
| why do you use a glass bottle and plastic tubing when giving nitro drip? |
plastic absorbs the drug |
| how often do you replace a nitro drip set? |
q24H |
| If pt has other iv lines, where do you put the nitro drip? |
in a seperate site. |
| What do you not do after taking nitro? |
smoke |
| store the nitro tablets where? |
cool dry dark place |
| nitro pills good for how long after opening |
6 months |
| What can't someone do after taking nitro? |
Smoke |
| what effect does aspirin provide? |
antiplatelet |
| What is the dosage for the antiplatelet effect of aspirin? |
81-325mg |
| Antilipidemics do what? |
decrease serum cholesterol |
| antihypertensives do what? |
lower blood pressure |
| what do beta blockers do? |
decrease heart rate and BP therby decreasing cardiac workload and oxygen demand. |
| what are beta blockers used for? |
Long term management of severe angina attacks |
| beta blockers are contraindicated when? |
bradyarrythmias and heart block |
| What is the action of calcium channel blockers? |
dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries to decrease cardiac workload |
| monitor what four things when giving calcium channel blockers? |
blood pressure, pulse, I&O and weight |
| The four symptoms watched for when giving calcium channel blockers are indicitive of what condition? |
fluid retention |
| What is viagra? |
a vasodilator |
| what is viagra used for? |
erectile dysfunction |
| What will viagra and the ingestion of nitrates cause |
MI |
| what does Nitropress do? |
dilates the arterial and venus smooth muscles |
| what route is Nitropress given? |
IV only |
| You want to protect the NItropress container from what? |
Light |
| Nitropress will decrease what? |
B/P |
| How fast will nitropress decrease B/P |
extremely rapidly |
| what do you monitor when giving Nitropress |
B/P |
| When is hyperstat given? |
hypertensive emergencies |
| How is hyperstat administered |
IV |
| Rogaine is used for what? |
Long term management of hypertension |
| what is one side effect of rogaine |
hair growth |
| two drugs used in conjunction with other drugs to treat hypertension are what? |
rogaine and apresoline |
| define action potential. |
The opening and closing of different ion channels in cardiac muscle cells which allows sodium and calcium to move into cells triggering contraction of the muscles. |
| What is an arrythmia? |
changes from the normal pattern of heart beat |
| define atrial flutter. |
A very rapid, rhythmic pattern of contractions |
| what is an ectopic pacemaker? |
Abnormal pacemakers that may develop when the heart is damaged or diseased or after treatment with certain drugs |
| What drugs can cause an ectopic pacemaker? |
digoxin or high doses of catecholamines |
| define Paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia |
A rapid rhythm that begins abruptly with a premature atrial or junctional beat. |
| define a Premature ventricular contractions |
An arrhythmia in which the ECG pattern shows a normal pattern of P followed by QRS, then an abnormal QRS that does not follow a P wave |
| what is a proarrythmia? |
The effect of causing very serious arrhythmias from drugs that were supposed to prevent serious arrhythmias |
| what class of drugs can cause a proarrythmia? |
Class 1 antiarrythmatic drugs |
| what drugs can cause a proarrythmia? |
Flecainide and moricizine |
| define the Refractory period |
The period of inexcitability in which cells cannot cause another action potential because the channels have not reset. |
| define Slow response tissue. |
Tissue of the AV and SA nodes which have only the slow calcium channels operating in their cells. |
| what is a Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia? |
Arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles and involve a high atrial rate |
| give some examples of a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. |
artrial flutter, atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia |
| what is Torsades de pointes? |
A potentially deadly arrhythmia consisting of ventricular tachycardia at rates so fast that the blood pressure falls sharply, resulting in fainting. They may progress to ventricular fibrillation. |
| What can Torsades de pointes turn into? |
Ventricular fibrilation |
| what can cause Torsades de pointes to turn into V-fib? |
potassium channel blockers |
| what is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? |
An anatomically defined arrhythmia in which impulses pass through a physical connection other than the AV node; this faster accessory pathway along with the slower AV node causes a premature beat. May be caused by “reentry”. |
| give 7 s/s of cardiac arrythmia |
chest pain, dizzyness, syncope, diaphoresis, palpitaitons, SOB, Confusion |
| what are four possible causes for reccurent arrythmias? |
excess sodium, caffeine, nicoteine, Alchohol use |
| What does the drug class of antiarrythmic drugs signifiy? |
the rate the drug molecules unbind with the sodium channels |
| Class I antiarrythmics are also called what? |
sodium channel blockers |
| Sodium channel blockers are used to treat what? |
PVC, SVT, V-Tach, and prevention of V-fib |
| what are sodium channel blockers mainly used for today? |
prevention of life threatening ventricular arrythmias |
| sodium channel blockers do what? |
prevent the absorption of sodium by the cells. |
| what is the major effect of sodium channel blockers? |
slow the rate of conduction of the cardiac impulse through atrial and ventricular muscles |
| there are how many subclasses of class 1 antiarrythmics? |
3 |
| Most class 1 antiarrythmics are given how |
PO |
| what is the one sodium channel blocker that is not given PO? |
lidocane |
| why is lidocaine not given PO? |
absorbed to rapidly |
| What is the prototype for class 1 anytiarrythics? |
Quinidine |
| Quinidine does what? |
maintains sinus rythm |
| give 3 adverse affects of Quinidine |
stomach pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea |
| what is Porcainamide? |
Class 1 antiarrythmic |
| what is Porcainamide used for? |
prevent the recurrence of atrial fibrillation |
| Give two drugs that are Procainamide. |
Pronestyl and Procanbid |
| What is one major side effect to Procainamide? |
a sydrome resembling lupus |
| What is Porcainamide similar to? |
Similar in action and use to Quinidine |
| What is an adverse effect of Norpace? |
anticholenergic effect. |
| Class 1B antiarrythmics have a fast rate of what? |
unbinding of sodium |
| Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers are used to treat what? |
PVCs, V-tach, and to prevent V-fib |
| What is the prototype for Class 1-B Sodium Channel Blockers? |
Lidocaine |
| Lidocaine used to be the drug of choice for what? |
ventricular arrhythmias |
| What do you need to figure out about lidocaine by looking on the label? |
what it is used for: cardiac arrythmias or local anesthesia |
| What is the pattern of dosage for lidocaine IV thearpy? |
• Start with a bolus injection of 50-100 mg over 2 minutes. Then a continuous infusion of 1-4 mg/min |
| Use lidocaine with caution in what kind of patients? |
liver disease patients |
| Give seven adverse effects of lidocaine. |
Dizzyness, nervousness, drowziness, muscle twitching, confusion, disorientation and seizures |
| What is Mexitil similar to? |
lidocaine |
| how is Mexitil given? |
PO |
| What is Tonocord similar to? |
lidocaine |
| how is Tonocord given? |
PO |
| What does a patient taking Tonocord need to do? |
set alarm clock to dosages, must stay steady in system |
| Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers do what? |
slow rate of sodium unbinding from the cells |
| What are Class 1-C Sodium Channel Blockers use to treat? |
life threatening V-tach, V-fib, and SVT unresponsive to other drugs |
| Two oral Class 1C sodium channel blockers that may cause new arrythmias are? |
Tambocor and Rythmol |
| Class II antiarrythmics are also called what? |
Beta Blockers |
| Suffix for beta blockers is? |
-olol |
| Beta blockers are used to treat what? |
heart failures |
| Acebutolol (Sectral) is given how? |
PO |
| Acebutolol (Sectral) is given to treat what? |
ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise |
| Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given how? |
IV |
| Esmolol (Brevibloc) is given for what? |
• Usually given for SVT (supraventricular tachycardia)during anesthesia or surgery |
| Propranolol (Inderol) is given how? |
PO and IV |
| PO Propranolol (Inderol) is given to prevent what? |
ventricular arrhythmias caused by exercise |
| Propranolol (Inderol) would be given IV for what? |
life-threatening arrhythmias |
| What will reverse an Inderal-induced bradychardial arrhythmia? |
Atropine |
| Class III antiarrythmics are called what? |
Potassium channel blockers |
| Class III Potassium Channel Blockers act how? |
block the potassium responsible for re-polarization; it prolongs the “action potential” |
| Class III Potassium Channel Blockers are used for what? |
V-tach, V-fib, and to convert A-fib or A-flutter to regular sinus rhythm |
| What is the major toxic reaction to Class III Potassium Channel Blockers? |
torsades de pointe |
| Amiodarone (Cordarone) is what? |
a Potassium channel bocker |
| Amiodarone (Cordarone) causes what? |
liver damage |
| what must be instructed to avoid when taking Amiodarone (Cordarone)? |
sunlight |
| Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? |
a potassium channel blocker |
| Most common adverse effect to Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? |
hypotension |
| What is Bretylium (Bretylol) used for? |
used for PVC if lidocaine is not effective |
| Bretylium (Bretylol) is given how? |
IV |
| dose patten for Bretylium (Bretylol) is what? |
IV loading dose and follow it with a drip or maintenance dose |
| Ibutilide (Corvert) is what? |
a potassium channel blocker |
| Sotalol (Betapace) is what? |
a potassium channel blocker |
| what is the most common adverse effect of Sotalol (Betapace)? |
bradycardia |
| Class 4 antiarrythmics are also called what? |
Calcium Channel Blockers |
| Calcium Channel Blockers work by what action? |
Slows conduction and Decreases the heart rate |
| Diltiazem (Cardizem) is what? |
A calcium channel blocker |
| Diltiazem (Cardizem) is contraindicated in what? |
digitalis toxicity |
| Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) is what? |
a calcium channel blocker |
| Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin) does what to the heart rate? |
slows it down |
| what do you not use with Verapamil (Calan or Isoptin)? |
Inderol |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given how |
IV Push |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) is given IV Push over how long? |
1-2 seconds |
| why is Asdenosine (Adenocard) pushed so rapidly? |
half life of only 1-2 seconds. |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) can and will have what effect? |
stop the heart for one to two seconds |
| Asdenosine (Adenocard) can but rarely causes what? |
A-fib or bronchospasms |
| Use Asdenosine (Adenocard) with caution in patients with what? |
asthma, existing AV block, and unstable angina |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) is what? |
anticonvulsive |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) is used to treat what? |
seizures and arrythmias caused by dig. |
| Side effects for Phenytoin (Dilantin) are what? |
slurred speech, tremors, drowsiness, and confusion |
| What drug do you give for a brady-arrhythmia? |
Atropine |
| What drug do you give for an atrial-fib? |
Digoxin |
| Before giving any of the anti-arrhythmic drugs, always take the patient’s what? |
pulse and blood pressure |
| define Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) |
newest class of antihypertensive drugs which are as effective as ACE inhibitors in lowering arterial pressure and have a superior adverse effects profile |
| define Angiotensin II |
): The result of angiotensin I being converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme, Angiotensin II increases arterial pressure by constricting arterioles and enhancing the release of norepinephrine. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to inc |
| define Angiotensin-1 (AT1) receptor |
Sites which produce actions important for blood pressure regulation causing vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone |
| define Essential hypertension |
Primary hypertension. Characterized by a slow, progressive elevation in blood pressure over several years; cause unknown. |
| define Preeclampsia |
An acute form of hypertension occurring in pregnant women after 24 weeks of gestation and is characterized by proteinuria and edema |
| what is the Renin-angiotensin system? |
The body’s system of regulating blood pressure by a chain of events involving releasing renin from the kidneys to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which increases arterial blood pressure by constrict |
| define Secondary hypertension |
Hypertension related to underlying renal or endocrine cause; known causes include coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, etc. |
| define Resistant hypertension |
Diastolic blood pressure readings consistently above 90 mm Hg while under treatment with antihypertensive drugs |
| define Refractory hypertension |
Hypertension that fails to respond to therapy |
| define Malignant hypertension |
Diastolic blood pressure over 140 mm Hg associated with papilledema – a medical emergency |
| define Isolated systolic hypertension |
Systolic blood pressure above 160 mm Hg in patients over the age of 60 |
| Complicated hypertension is what? |
Arterial hypertension of any cause where there is evidence of cardiovascular damage related to blood pressure elevation |
| White coat hypertension is what? |
Blood pressure that is elevated when taken by health care provider but normal when measured outside of the health care environment |
| hypertension is what? |
systolic above 140 and diastolic above 90. |
| give four causes of Cause of secondary hypertension |
Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, and a variety of drugs |
| what drugs can cause secondary hypertension? |
nasal decongestants, oral contraceptives, sympathomimetics, antidepressants, erythropoietin |
| Hypertension is treated how? |
steps. |
| what is changed first in treating hypertension? |
lifestyle |
| Pts on hypertension therapy should monitor B/P how frequently? |
weekly |
| If patients stop antihypertensive drugs suddenly – side effects are? |
palpitations, sweating, headache, tremors, rebound hypertension |
| Usually the first drugs prescribed for hypertension are? |
diuretics |
| most common diuretics used in hypertension are? |
Thiazides |
| Beta Receptors are what? |
special protein molecules located on the cell membrane |
| Beta-1 receptors are where? |
Heart cells |
| Beta-2 receptors are where? |
on the smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels and bronchi |
| • Beta receptors are stimulated by what? |
epinephrine |
| What are sometimes first line drugs against hypertension other than diuretics? |
Beta-Blocker |
| Patient responds better to beta blocker therapy if they have what? |
high plasma renin levels |
| Usually who has higher renin levels? |
younger people |
| Nonselective beta-blockers do what? |
block both beta 1 and 2 |
| four nonselective beta blockers are what? |
Corgard, Levatol, Viskin, Indural |
| Cardioselective beta-blockers are what? |
selective action to block only beta-1 receptors |
| Cardioselective beta-blockers are used for treatment in what patients? |
• They are used with patients with asthma and hypertension |
| 5 cardioselective beta blockers are what? |
Sectral, Tenormin, Zebeta, Brevibloc, Lopressor |
| (ACE) Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors block the formation of what? |
angiotensin 2 |
| angiotensin II does what? |
constricts blood vessels |
| What do you not give with ACE inhibiters |
potassium suppliments |
| what can potassium suppliments given with ACE inhibitors cause? |
hyperkalemia |
| • ACE inhibitors are good for what patients? |
diabetics and patients with renal disorders |
| Why are ACE inhibitors good for diabetics and patients with renal disorders? |
because they limit damage to the renal blood vessels |
| • On a first dose of ACE inhibitor instruct patients to do what? |
lie down and drink lots of fluids. |
| ACE inhibitors are more effective in what population? |
whites |
| Can you take an ACE inhibitor while pregnant? |
no |
| Five ACE inhibitors are? |
Lotensin, Capoten, Vasotec, Prinivel, Aceon |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers end in what suffix? |
-sartan |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are less effective in what population? |
african american |
| Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers cause what? |
vasodilation |
| can you take Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers while pregnant? |
no |
| two side effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers are? |
Dizzyness, hypotension |
| Calcium channel blockers do what? |
• Decrease the entry of calcium into smooth muscle |
| Monitor what when giving Calcium channel blockers? |
Heart rate |
| report a heart rate of what when giving a calcium channel blocker |
<60 |
| Who responds well to calcium channel blockers? |
older people and african americans |
| six calcium channel blockers are? |
Norvasc, Cardizem, Plendil, Cardene, Procardia, Calan |
| Centrally Acting Antihypertensives work how? |
Act on the central nervous system to decrease the activity of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Catapres is what? |
a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Aldamat is what? |
a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Wytensin is what? |
a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Tenex is what? |
a Centrally Acting Antihypertensives |
| Catapres is used with what condition? |
nicoteine withdrawl |
| catapres blocks what? |
apha 1 and 2 |
| aldamat blocks what? |
alpha 1 and 2 |
| Wytensin blocks what? |
alpha 2 |
| Tenex block what? |
alpha 2 |
| Direct acting vasodilators are used for what? |
Hypertensive crises |
| What is hyperstat? |
Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is IV Vasotec |
Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is apresoline? |
Direct acting vasodilator |
| What is Nipride? |
Direct acting vasodilator |
| What drug used to be used for hypertensive crises but manufacturer doesnt like it used for that anymore? |
procardia |
| how is procardia used for hypertensive crisis? |
tablet is punctured with a needle and squirt under the tounge |
| after administering procardia for hypertensive crisis what intervention is next? |
monitor b/p for 3 or 4 hours afterword until stable |
| Monoxodil action is what? |
Alters the movement of calcium into the smooth muscle cells |
| Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents act how? |
• Interfere with storage and release of norepinephrine from sympatic nerve endings |
| Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents are always used with what type of drugs? |
diuretics |
| why are Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents used with diuretics? |
because they cause fluid retention |
| Reserpine is what? |
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Harmonyl is what? |
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Raudixin is what? |
Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents |
| Beta (B) cells in the pancreas do what? |
synthesize and release insulin |
| alpha cells of prancrease release what? |
glucagon |
| define impaired fasting glucose. |
Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 126 mg/dL. |
| define Impaired glucose tolerance. |
Defined as fasting glucose levels above 110 mg/dL but below 140 mg/dL. |
| define Lipoatrophy. |
): In reference to diabetes, atrophy (or destruction) of subcutaneous fat near injection sites |
| define Nephropathy |
Loss of feeling in the limbs or other parts of the body |
| What is Retinopathy? |
Retinal hemorrhages that destroy sight |
| what does regular insulin look like? |
clear |
| what is the only insulin that can be given IV? |
regular |
| Regular insulin given how long before eating? |
15 to 30 minutes |
| regular insulin is also known as what? |
short acting. |
| what does NPH insulin look like? |
cloudy |
| when mixing regular and NPH which is drawn first? |
regular |
| NPH insulin is also known as what? |
intermediate acting |
| When do you give NPH insulin before eating? |
30-60 minutes |
| Lispro (humalog) is what? |
rapid or ultra-short acting insulin |
| aspart (novolog) is what? |
rapid or ultra-short acting insulin |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin onset? |
15 minutes |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin peak? |
30-90 minutes |
| rapid or ultra-short acting insulin duration? |
2-4 hours |
| Regular Iletin II is what? |
short acting pork insulin |
| Regular insulin is what? |
short acting pork insulin |
| Numulin R is what? |
short acting human insulin |
| Novolin R is what? |
short acting human insulin |
| Vesulosin is what? |
Short acting buffered human insulin. |
| short acting insulin onset? |
30-60min |
| short acting insulin peak? |
2-4 hours |
| short acting insulin duration? |
5-7 hours |
| NPH Iletin II is what? |
Intermediate acting pork insulin. |
| NPH Purified Insulin is what? |
intermediate acting pork insulin |
| Lente is what? |
intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin |
| Lente Iletin II is what? |
intermediate acting pork zinc suspension insulin |
| Humulin L is what? |
intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin |
| Novolin L is what? |
intermediate acting human zinc suspension insulin |
| Intermediate acting insulin onset? |
2-4 hours |
| Intermediate acting insulin peak? |
6-12 hours |
| Intermediate acting insulin duraiton? |
18-28 hours |
| Humulin U is what? |
long acting human insulin |
| Lantus is what? |
long acting insulin |
| Long acting insulin onset? |
4-6 hours |
| Long acting insulin peak? |
18-24 hours |
| Long acting insulin duration? |
36 hours |
| premixed combination insulins contain what? |
human insulin/isophane |
| combination insulin onset? |
30 min |
| combination insulin peak? |
4-8 hours |
| combination insulin duration? |
24 hours |
| sulfonylureas are what? |
oral antidiabetics |
| most common side effect of oral antidiabetics? |
hypoglycemia |
| oral antidiabetic action? |
stimulate pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin |
| sulfonylureas (oral antidiabetics) when combined with alcohol will produce what? |
an antibuse effect |
| why do you not mix beta blockers and oral antidiabetics? |
will increase the blood sugar and the beta blockers maks the signs and symptoms of hypoglycema |
| Diabinase is what? |
First generation sulfonylureas |
| Tolinase is what? |
First generation sulfonylureas |
| Orinase is what? |
First generation sulfonylureas |
| Amaryl is what? |
Second generation sulfonylureas |
| what is the difference between First generation sulfonylureas and Second generation sulfonylureas? |
Second generation is more potent |
| Glucotrol is what? |
Second generation sulfonylureas |
| Glyburide is what? |
Second generation sulfonylureas |
| Starlix is what? |
Sulfonylurea-like drug |
| Prandin is what? |
Sulfonylurea-like drug |
| Precose is what? |
Starch blocker |
| Glyset is what? |
Starch blocker |
| Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset action? |
Increase the insulin sensitivity and Increase the hepatic production of glucose |
| Glucophage, Precose, and Glyset are not indicated for who? |
normal weight folk. |
| Actos and Avandia can cause what? |
fluid retention |
| What do you watch for when giving Actos and Avandia? |
CHF |
| Actos and Avandia act how? |
increase insulin potency |
| Dopamine is used for what? |
Treat hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock |
| Dobutamine action how? |
Increase the force of contractions of heart and blood supply to vital organs |
| Dobutamine used to treat what? |
Used to treat cardiogenic shock |
| Adrenalin (Epinephrine) treatment for what? |
cardiac arrest |
BIOL3326 Forms
