Ch. 11
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| *cardiovascular or circulatory system | body's system of transport and communication
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| blood vessels | channels
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| blood | fluid medium (transports)
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| heart | pump which provides the force that moves the blood through the vessels
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| blood | only liquid connective tissue
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| functions of blood | transport oxygen & nutrients "to" cells & tissues
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| functions of blood | transport wastes & other products of metabolism "away" from cells & tissues
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| functions of blood | transport hormones
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| functions of blood | maintain body temperature, regulate pH of body fluids
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| functions of blood | form & transport cells & proteins
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| plasma | 55% of blood volume
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| plasma | liquid portion of blood
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| formed elements | 45% of blood volume
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| formed elements | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
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| blood plasma | made up of water, solutes, gases, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, waste products & plasma proteins
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| plasma proteins | globulins, fibrinogen, albumins
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| globulins | antibodies
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| fibrinogen | blood clotting
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| albumins | thicken blood, pulls fluids from tissues
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| *serum | blood plasma minus clotting factors
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| red blood cells (RBC) | erythrocytes
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| red blood cells | 90-99% of cell volume of blood
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| hemoglobin | iron containing protein
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| *hemoglobin | transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & gives blood its red color
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| new red blood cells | formed in bone marrow
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| mature red blood cells | lack nucleus & organelles, cannot reproduce
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| glycoproteins & glycolipids | on plasma membrane surface of red blood cells
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| glycoproteins & glycolipids | antigens which provoke antibody formation & Indicate blood type
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| transfusions | transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another
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| donor A, recepient A, AB | yes
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| donor A. recipient B, O | no
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| donor B, recipient B, AB | yes
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| donor B, recipient A, O | no
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| donor AB, recipient AB | yes
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| donor AB, recipient A, B, O | no
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| donor O, recipient A, B, AB, O | yes
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| universal "recipient" | AB+
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| universal "donor" | O-
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| Rh+ | have antigen
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| Rh- | do not have antigen
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| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Rh- mother carries a "second" Rh+ fetus
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| rhogam | injection of anti-Rh antibodies soon after delivery
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| white blood cells (WBC) | leukocytes
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| white blood cells | protects body against pathogens & tumors
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| white blood cells | granulocytes & agranulocytes
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| granulocytes | lobed nuclei & granules within cytoplasm
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| neutrophils | phagocytic - defense against bacterial infections
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| eosinophils | control parasitic infections & allergic reactions, contributes to inflammatory response
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| basophils | plays a role in allergic reactions, produces heparin
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| heparin | natural blood thinner
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| *granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| *agranulocytes | monocytes, lymphocytes
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| monocytes | large cells, kidney bean-shaped nuclei
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| monocytes | phagocytic macrophages
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| phagocytic macrophages | clearing up foreign & dead material in the tissues
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| monocytes | plays a role in the immune response
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| lymphocytes | cells with large nuclei
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| lymphocytes | produce antibodies & chemicals that control disease, allergic reactions, tumors
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| platelets | cell fragments, thrombocytes
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| platelets | smallest formed elements in blood
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| platelets | not cells, particles pinched off bits of cytoplasm formed from large cells called megakaryocytes
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| platelets | plays major role in prevention of blood loss via clot formation
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| hemostasis | blood loss
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| hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) | process of blood cell formation
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| blood clot formation | 1.vascular spasm 2.plug formation 3.coagulation
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| blood cells | formed from pluripotent stem cells
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| pluripotent stem cells | found within bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
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| myeloid stem cells | develope within "red" bone marrow
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| myeloid stem cells | give rise to platelets, RBCs, WBCs (not lymphocytes & monocytes)
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| lymphoid stem cells | found within lymph nodes, thymus, spleen bone marrow
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| lymphoid stem cells | form lymphocytes & monocytes
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| anemia | RBC disorder, "decrease" in number of RBC, hemoglobin content, amt of iron in blood
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| hematocrit | measuring the percent volume that the blood cell sediment occupies
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| *anemia symptoms | skin & mucosal pallor, dyspnea, heart palpitations, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, fatiguability
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| hemolytic anemias | inherited disorders, formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecule that results in deformation & increased fragility of RBCs
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| spherocytosis | instead of biconcave, RBC are rounded, rupture easily, causes "chronic" anemia
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| sickle cell anemia | ingerited disease of hemoglobin formation, sickle-shaped RBCs, readily broken down, chronic anemia
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| hemolyzed | broken down
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| thalassemia | inherited disorder, abnormally shaped hemoglobin, found in mediterranean populations
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| iron deficiency anemia | low hemoglobin level due to iron deficiency
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| pernicious anemia | low RBC due to lack of vitamin B12
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| aplastic anemia | low RBC caused by bone marrow destruction caused by chemotherapy, radiation, antibiotics, toxic chemicals
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| folate-deficiency anemia | low RBCs due to lack of folic acid (Vit B9) common among alcoholics & malnourished individuals
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| acute blood loss anemia | occurs after hemorrhages with trauma or surgery or any sudden blood loss
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| chronic blood loss anemia | results from frequent or long-term blood loss associated with cancer or slow bleeding ulcers
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| polycythemia | erythrocytosis
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| polycythemia | abnormal "increase" in number of RBCs
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| polycythemia | seen in individuals living in high altitudes, reduced oxygen perfusion, cardiac, respiratory conditions, smokers, patients taking diuretics
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| blood doping | diliberately inducing polycythemia
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| blood doping | athletes removes blood and stores then gets infused back prior to event
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| *leukopenia | having too "few" WBCs
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| leukopenia | following radiation treatment & chemotherapy
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| leukocytosis | too "many" WBCs
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| leukocytosis | usually sign of infection and inflammation
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| *leukemia* | malignant growth of nonfunctional WBCs
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| acute & chronic lymphocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia
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| acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia
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| WBC count test | "total" number of WBCs in volume of blood
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| differential WBC count test | "proportion"of "each" type of WBC
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| Thrombocytopenia | "decrease" in number of platelets
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| thrombocytopenia | from acute blood loss, infection, cancer, chemotherapy, lupus
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| *hemophilia* | "missing or deficient" amount of one or more clotting factors
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| hemophilia | trait passed from mothers to sons
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| thrombus | "stationary" clot
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| thrombosis | process of thrombus formation, flow of blood is sluggish,prolonged period of inactivity
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| embolus | "moveable" clot
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| embolus | can obstruct major vessels, disrupt blood supply to tissues, causing myocardial infarctions, strokes
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