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| *cardiovascular or circulatory system | body's system of transport and communication |
| blood vessels | channels |
| blood | fluid medium (transports) |
| heart | pump which provides the force that moves the blood through the vessels |
| blood | only liquid connective tissue |
| functions of blood | transport oxygen & nutrients "to" cells & tissues |
| functions of blood | transport wastes & other products of metabolism "away" from cells & tissues |
| functions of blood | transport hormones |
| functions of blood | maintain body temperature, regulate pH of body fluids |
| functions of blood | form & transport cells & proteins |
| plasma | 55% of blood volume |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood |
| formed elements | 45% of blood volume |
| formed elements | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| blood plasma | made up of water, solutes, gases, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, waste products & plasma proteins |
| plasma proteins | globulins, fibrinogen, albumins |
| globulins | antibodies |
| fibrinogen | blood clotting |
| albumins | thicken blood, pulls fluids from tissues |
| *serum | blood plasma minus clotting factors |
| red blood cells (RBC) | erythrocytes |
| red blood cells | 90-99% of cell volume of blood |
| hemoglobin | iron containing protein |
| *hemoglobin | transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & gives blood its red color |
| new red blood cells | formed in bone marrow |
| mature red blood cells | lack nucleus & organelles, cannot reproduce |
| glycoproteins & glycolipids | on plasma membrane surface of red blood cells |
| glycoproteins & glycolipids | antigens which provoke antibody formation & Indicate blood type |
| transfusions | transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another |
| donor A, recepient A, AB | yes |
| donor A. recipient B, O | no |
| donor B, recipient B, AB | yes |
| donor B, recipient A, O | no |
| donor AB, recipient AB | yes |
| donor AB, recipient A, B, O | no |
| donor O, recipient A, B, AB, O | yes |
| universal "recipient" | AB+ |
| universal "donor" | O- |
| Rh+ | have antigen |
| Rh- | do not have antigen |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Rh- mother carries a "second" Rh+ fetus |
| rhogam | injection of anti-Rh antibodies soon after delivery |
| white blood cells (WBC) | leukocytes |
| white blood cells | protects body against pathogens & tumors |
| white blood cells | granulocytes & agranulocytes |
| granulocytes | lobed nuclei & granules within cytoplasm |
| neutrophils | phagocytic - defense against bacterial infections |
| eosinophils | control parasitic infections & allergic reactions, contributes to inflammatory response |
| basophils | plays a role in allergic reactions, produces heparin |
| heparin | natural blood thinner |
| *granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| *agranulocytes | monocytes, lymphocytes |
| monocytes | large cells, kidney bean-shaped nuclei |
| monocytes | phagocytic macrophages |
| phagocytic macrophages | clearing up foreign & dead material in the tissues |
| monocytes | plays a role in the immune response |
| lymphocytes | cells with large nuclei |
| lymphocytes | produce antibodies & chemicals that control disease, allergic reactions, tumors |
| platelets | cell fragments, thrombocytes |
| platelets | smallest formed elements in blood |
| platelets | not cells, particles pinched off bits of cytoplasm formed from large cells called megakaryocytes |
| platelets | plays major role in prevention of blood loss via clot formation |
| hemostasis | blood loss |
| hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) | process of blood cell formation |
| blood clot formation | (blank) |
| blood cells | formed from pluripotent stem cells |
| pluripotent stem cells | found within bone marrow and lymphatic tissue |
| myeloid stem cells | develope within "red" bone marrow |
| myeloid stem cells | give rise to platelets, RBCs, WBCs (not lymphocytes & monocytes) |
| lymphoid stem cells | found within lymph nodes, thymus, spleen bone marrow |
| lymphoid stem cells | form lymphocytes & monocytes |
| anemia | RBC disorder, "decrease" in number of RBC, hemoglobin content, amt of iron in blood |
| hematocrit | measuring the percent volume that the blood cell sediment occupies |
| *anemia symptoms | skin & mucosal pallor, dyspnea, heart palpitations, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, fatiguability |
| hemolytic anemias | inherited disorders, formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecule that results in deformation & increased fragility of RBCs |
| spherocytosis | instead of biconcave, RBC are rounded, rupture easily, causes "chronic" anemia |
| sickle cell anemia | ingerited disease of hemoglobin formation, sickle-shaped RBCs, readily broken down, chronic anemia |
| hemolyzed | broken down |
| thalassemia | inherited disorder, abnormally shaped hemoglobin, found in mediterranean populations |
| iron deficiency anemia | low hemoglobin level due to iron deficiency |
| pernicious anemia | low RBC due to lack of vitamin B12 |
| aplastic anemia | low RBC caused by bone marrow destruction caused by chemotherapy, radiation, antibiotics, toxic chemicals |
| folate-deficiency anemia | low RBCs due to lack of folic acid (Vit B9) common among alcoholics & malnourished individuals |
| acute blood loss anemia | occurs after hemorrhages with trauma or surgery or any sudden blood loss |
| chronic blood loss anemia | results from frequent or long-term blood loss associated with cancer or slow bleeding ulcers |
| polycythemia | erythrocytosis |
| polycythemia | abnormal "increase" in number of RBCs |
| polycythemia | seen in individuals living in high altitudes, reduced oxygen perfusion, cardiac, respiratory conditions, smokers, patients taking diuretics |
| blood doping | diliberately inducing polycythemia |
| blood doping | athletes removes blood and stores then gets infused back prior to event |
| *leukopenia | having too "few" WBCs |
| leukopenia | following radiation treatment & chemotherapy |
| leukocytosis | too "many" WBCs |
| leukocytosis | usually sign of infection and inflammation |
| *leukemia* | malignant growth of nonfunctional WBCs |
| acute & chronic lymphocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia |
| acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia |
| WBC count test | "total" number of WBCs in volume of blood |
| differential WBC count test | "proportion"of "each" type of WBC |
| Thrombocytopenia | "decrease" in number of platelets |
| thrombocytopenia | from acute blood loss, infection, cancer, chemotherapy, lupus |
| *hemophilia* | "missing or deficient" amount of one or more clotting factors |
| hemophilia | trait passed from mothers to sons |
| thrombus | "stationary" clot |
| thrombosis | process of thrombus formation, flow of blood is sluggish,prolonged period of inactivity |
| embolus | "moveable" clot |
| embolus | can obstruct major vessels, disrupt blood supply to tissues, causing myocardial infarctions, strokes |
